Khanbaliq - Kanbarik (English spelling) Khanbalïq

It refers to Beijing, China. It means the city of Kang (Khan). In 1264, Kublai Khan established Zhongdu, the former capital of the Jin dynasty, as his winter capital, and three years later built Dadu on the northeastern outskirts of the city, in what is now Beijing. Since then, this name in Turkish has gradually spread to the Islamic world and Western Europe as the name of the Mongolian imperial capital. However, in contemporary records from the Yuan dynasty, Kanbalik refers to the old Zhongdu, the capital of the Jin emperor, and Dadu is often called Daidu by its original phonetic name, but in Marco Polo's The Travels of Marco Polo, this distinction is unclear and the term is used as a general term for both cities. The Dadu area would later be transformed into the inner city of Beijing during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the Zhongdu area into the outer city, so they were essentially one city, and so Kanbalik could be said to mean the imperial capital or the capital. Even after the decline of the Mongol Empire, the name continued to live on in Central Asia and west, and was used to refer to Beijing by Shah Rukh, the second Timurid dynasty ruler, when he sent his envoy to Ming China (stayed in Beijing from 1420 to 1421), as well as by Russian envoys in the 17th century, and examples of its use in the early 18th century can also be found.

[Masaaki Sugiyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、北京(ペキン)のこと。カン（ハン）の町の意。フビライは1264年金朝の故都である中都を冬の都とし、3年後その北東郊外の現北京の地に大都を造営した。それ以後モンゴルの帝都の呼称としてトルコ語によるこの名がしだいにイスラム世界や西欧にまで広まった。ただ元代の同時代記録ではカンバリクは金帝の都であった旧中都をさし、大都はダイドゥと原音名で呼び分けている場合が多いが、マルコ・ポーロの『東方見聞録』ではこの区別があいまいで、両市全体の総称としても使っている。大都地区はのちに明(みん)・清(しん)時代の北京の内城、中都地区は外城に変身するように、実質上一つの町であったから、カンバリクはいわば帝都、京師(けいし)の意ともいえる。モンゴル帝国の衰退後もこの名は中央アジア以西で生き続け、ティームール朝第2代シャー・ルフの遣明使節（1420～21北京滞在）をはじめ、17世紀のロシアの使節でも北京をこうよび、18世紀初期の使用例も確認される。

［杉山正明］

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