Guangdong Trade - Canton Trade (English spelling) Guang-tong; Kuang-tung

Japanese: 広東貿易 - カントンぼうえき（英語表記）Guang-tong; Kuang-tung

This refers to the overseas trade in Guangzhou during the Qing Dynasty. Guangzhou has long been known as the center of trade in the South Seas, and during the Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, the city's shipping office was established to manage trade. As Europeans began to advance into the East, Portuguese trade with Macau began around 1557. In 1685, the Qing Dynasty's maritime ban was lifted, allowing overseas trade. When the Yuehai Customs was established in Guangzhou, it gradually took over. In 1757, Guangzhou was limited to one port, and it became the only trading port in China. Many ships from Western countries, including those from the British East India Company, arrived, and a large amount of foreign silver flowed in in return for Chinese exports such as tea and silk, and the port flourished. However, after the Opium Wars, the era of Cantonese trade came to an end with the opening of the five ports.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，清代における広州の海外貿易をいう。広州は古来南海貿易の中心地として知られ，唐・宋・元・明代には貿易管理のために市舶司がおかれていた。ヨーロッパ人の東洋進出を契機に嘉靖 36 (1557) 年頃からポルトガル人によるマカオ貿易が開かれたが，康煕 24 (1685) 年清朝の海禁が解かれて海外貿易が許され，粤海関 (えっかいかん) が広州に設けられると次第にこれに取って代り，乾隆 22 (1757) 年広州1港に限定されてからは中国唯一の貿易港となった。イギリスの東インド会社船を中心に西洋諸国の船舶が多数来航し，中国輸出品の茶，絹などの見返りに多量の外国銀が流入し，盛況を呈した。しかしアヘン戦争後，5港の開放により広東貿易の時代は終りを告げた。

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