Cold people (English spelling: han-ren; han-jên)

Japanese: 寒人 - かんじん（英語表記）han-ren; han-jên

In China, during the Southern Dynasties (→ Northern and Southern Dynasties), bureaucrats of low social standing were active in the government. The families to which they belonged were called "Hanmen." As the class system became more rigid during the Six Dynasties period, there were fewer capable officials among the high-ranking aristocratic families, so the Southern Dynasties emperors appointed capable people outside the aristocracy, and the Han people were given more importance. Although they were not given high-ranking positions, they used the power of the emperor to restrain the actions of high-ranking aristocrats and members of the imperial family. For this reason, their activities were rather disruptive to the normal operation of the bureaucratic system.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，南朝 (→南北朝) の官界で活躍した門地の低い層出身の官僚。その属する一族を寒門と呼ぶ。六朝時代に身分制が固定化するに従い，家格の高い貴族に有能な官吏が少くなったので，南朝の天子は貴族以外の有能な人物を登用し，寒人が重視された。彼らは高い官職を与えられないにもかかわらず，天子の権力を背景にもって，高位にある貴族や皇族の行動を掣肘した。それだけにその活躍は正常な官僚機構の運営をむしろ破壊するものであった。

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