…Ataman was the wealthy upper class (startshina), who became the nobility of the Russian Empire by the 19th century. Leaders of peasant revolts such as Razin and bandit leaders also called themselves ataman. During the Russian Revolution, the Cossack general Aleksei Maksimovich Kaledin (1861-1918) and then Pyotr Nikolaevich Krasnov (1869-1947) were chosen as atamans of the Don Cossacks and fought against the revolutionary forces. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the starostas (heads) of rural communities, and later artels, were sometimes called atamans. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Karejin, AM" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…アタマンになったのは富裕な上層部分(スタルシナ)で,彼らは19世紀までにロシア帝国の貴族になった。またラージンなどの農民反乱の指導者や盗賊の首領もアタマンと称し,ロシア革命の際コサック出身の将軍カレージンAleksei Maksimovich Kaledin(1861‐1918),ついでクラスノフPyotr Nikolaevich Krasnov(1869‐1947)がドン・コサックのアタマンに選ばれ,革命軍と戦った。16~17世紀に農村共同体の,のちにはアルテリのスターロスタ(長)も時にアタマンとよばれた。… ※「カレージン,A.M.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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