...The term "sacred Balad" refers to Mecca, and villages in Egypt and Iraq were also called Balad. However, Balad as a village is often used to mean an administrative village, as opposed to a natural village (qarya), and in this case, it was understood by the central government as a unit for collecting taxes. The plural form of Balad, bilād al-islām, refers to the area within the scope of Muslim sovereignty, and this can be said to be related to the awareness of a region as one's own "country" (balad) in relation to foreign powers such as the Crusaders and the Mongol army. From [Village]...The fact that the term 'difkan', which once wielded great authority in Iranian society, came to be used to refer to peasants in general by the 11th century is a good indicator of the changes that have taken place over this time. In the Middle East during the Islamic period, an Arab village was generally called a qarya, which corresponds to the Iranian dih and the Turkish köy. However, in Arab society, a village that the government recognized as a unit for collecting taxes was usually called a balad, which could consist of one qarya or two small villages. *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Karuya" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…〈聖なるバラド〉といえばメッカのことであるし,エジプトやイラクのむらもまたバラドと呼ばれた。もっとも,むらとしてのバラドは,自然村(カルヤqarya)に対して,行政村の意味に用いられることが多く,この場合には,中央政府により租税徴収の単位として把握された。またバラドの複数形を用いてビラード・アルイスラームbilād al‐islāmといえば,ムスリムの主権が及ぶ範囲の地域をさすが,これは十字軍やモンゴル軍などの外国勢力に対して一地方を自らの〈国〉(バラド)として意識することに通じるものであったといえる。… 【村】より…かつてイラン社会で大きな権限を振るったディフカーンが,11世紀ころまでには,農民一般を指す言葉として用いられるようになったことが,この間の変化をよく物語っている。 イスラム時代の中東では,アラブのむらを一般にカルヤqaryaといい,イランのディーフdīh,トルコのキョイköyがこれに相当する。しかしアラブ社会の場合には,政府が租税徴収の単位として把握するむらはバラドと呼ばれるのが普通であり,これは一つのカルヤからなることもあれば,二つの小村からなっていることもあった。… ※「カルヤ」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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