Also known as a piezoelectric element. When force is applied to crystals such as quartz, Rochelle salt, or barium titanate, an electric charge proportional to the force is generated, and when the crystals are placed in an electric field, mechanical distortion occurs (piezoelectric effect). Piezoelectric elements are used in piezoelectric transducers for electromechanical conversion, and in resonators that utilize their resonance characteristics. There are two types of transducers: those that convert mechanical vibrations into electrical vibrations (microphones, pickups, etc.), and those that convert electrical vibrations into mechanical vibrations (speakers, ultrasonic generators, etc.). The latter includes those that generate electrical vibrations of a stable frequency or that are used to respond to electrical signals of a specific frequency, and are called resonators. The piezoelectric phenomenon was discovered in 1880 by the French Curie brothers J. and P. Curie, who used this phenomenon to create a quartz ultrasonic generator in 1917, and American D. Sawyer invented the crystal microphone using Rochelle salt in 1931. The quartz resonator was proposed by American W. Cady in 1922, and a quartz oscillator circuit using this to achieve stable oscillation was invented in 1932 by American C.W. Pierce. The piezoelectric effect is thought to occur when the relative positions of ions change due to distortion of the crystal, and when the elastic vibration of the crystal plate coincides with the electrical vibration, a strong excitation occurs. For this reason, various types of transducers and resonators are made by changing the cutting method, dimensions, shape, and applied voltage of the crystal used. In terms of conversion elements, quartz crystals are used in ultrasonic generators of 1 to 100 megahertz, while Rochelle salt is used in audio equipment. Piezoelectric ceramics such as barium titanate have a large electromechanical coupling coefficient and are used in audio equipment, tuning forks, mechanical filters, ultrasonic delay elements, and other applications in the low-frequency to several megahertz range. These have been used in a wide range of products, including piezoelectric gas ignition devices, sonar, fish finders, ultrasonic tomography imaging devices, ultrasonic microscopes, ultrasonic welding machines, accelerometers, piezoelectric motors, thickness gauges, and flow meters. Although piezoelectric ceramics are sometimes used as resonators, quartz crystal resonators, which have extremely low vibration loss and a stable resonance frequency, are more widely used. Depending on the cutting method and shape of the crystal, quartz crystal resonators are used as elements of oscillator circuits or resonance circuits ranging from 1 kilohertz to 100 megahertz, and are used in frequency control of transmitters and receivers, quartz crystal filters, surface acoustic wave elements, transducers, and other applications. [Michinori Iwata] [Reference] |The piezoelectric effect is thought to occur due to a change in the relative positions of ions. When pressure is applied, the displacement of the titanium ions becomes significantly larger than that of the other ions, so the top becomes positively charged and the bottom becomes negatively charged . Piezoelectric effect (crystal structure of barium titanate) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ピエゾ電気素子ともいう。水晶、ロッシェル塩、チタン酸バリウムなどの結晶に力を加えると力に比例した電荷が生じ、また電界中に置くと機械的なひずみの生ずる現象(圧電効果)を利用する素子をいう。 圧電素子は、電気機械変換用の圧電変換素子と、共振特性を利用した共振子に用いる。変換素子は機械振動を電気振動に変換するもの(マイクロホン、ピックアップなど)と、電気振動を機械振動に変換するもの(スピーカー、超音波発生器など)がある。なお、後者には安定した周波数の電気振動を発生するとか、ある特定の周波数の電気信号に対して応答するために用いるものがあり、これを共振子という。 圧電現象は1880年にフランスのキュリー兄弟J. Curie, P. Curieが発見したが、この現象を利用してフランスのランジュバンP. Langevinは1917年に水晶超音波発生装置をつくり、アメリカのソーヤーD. Sawyerはロッシェル塩を使ったクリスタルマイクロホンを1931年に発明した。水晶共振子はアメリカのキャデーW. Cadyが1922年に提案したもので、これを用いた安定発振をする水晶発振回路は1932年アメリカのピアースC. W. Pierceの発明である。 圧電効果は、結晶のひずみによってイオンの相対位置が変化するためにおこると考えられ、結晶板の弾性振動と電気振動が一致したとき強い励振(れいしん)がおこる。このため、使用する結晶の切り方、寸法、形状、加える電圧などでいろいろな形の変換素子と共振子がつくられている。 変換素子では、水晶は1メガ~100メガヘルツの超音波発生器に、ロッシェル塩は音響機器に用いられる。チタン酸バリウムなどの圧電セラミックスは電気機械結合係数が大きく、低周波から数メガヘルツの範囲で音響機器、音叉(おんさ)、メカニカルフィルター、超音波遅延素子などに用いられる。これらによって製品化されたものは、圧電ガス点火装置、ソナー、魚群探知機、超音波断層像撮像装置、超音波顕微鏡、超音波溶接機、加速度計、圧電モーター、厚み計、流量計などと多方面にわたっている。共振子には圧電セラミックスが使われることもあるが、振動損失がきわめて少なく、共振周波数が安定な水晶共振子が広く用いられる。結晶の切り方、形状などに応じて、1キロヘルツ~100メガヘルツに及ぶ発振回路とか共振回路の素子とし、送・受信機の周波数制御、水晶フィルター、表面弾性波素子、トランスジューサなどに用いられている。 [岩田倫典] [参照項目] |圧電効果は、イオンの相対位置が変化するためにおこると考えられる。圧力を加えると、チタンイオンのずれが他のイオンに比して著しく大きくなるため、上が+(プラス)、下が-(マイナス)に帯電する©Shogakukan"> 圧電効果(チタン酸バリウムの結晶構造) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
This refers to the vocabulary that is most frequen...
A disease in which dark green and light green or ...
…It is located at the confluence of the Dadu Rive...
〘 noun 〙 (translation of opera) A stage play that ...
A scholar of Japanese classics and Confucianism i...
…Rhymes are not unrelated to rhythm, since the fo...
This 35-kilometer road runs north to south, sligh...
This puppet theater originated in Osaka during the...
A plucked stringed instrument of the lute family t...
An evergreen tall tree of the Myrtaceae family (A...
…[Tsubaki Keisuke]. . . From [Yellow Rice] …[Take...
The story begins with the first episode, The Lion...
A submerged perennial aquatic plant of the family...
The direct origin of the party dates back to 1834...
A culture from the late Neolithic period of Upper ...