Patience - patience

Japanese: 我慢 - がまん
Patience - patience

A translation of the Sanskrit word asmimāna. In Buddhist doctrine, arrogance is called "pride" and is counted as one type of earthly desires, of which there are seven types. Among them, the pride of thinking "I am...", such as "I am superior to inferior things, or equal to equal things", is called pride in the narrow sense, while the pride of thinking "the five aggregates (five elements of attachment) are made up of me or my things" is called 'gaman'. However, in general, it is used to mean relying on oneself and looking down on others, and in that sense it has almost the same meaning as 'gashu'. The original meaning of 'gashu' is "the word 'I'" and refers to the attitude of constantly asserting oneself, saying "I, me, me" in everything. The Buddha said, "A person's thoughts can fly anywhere. But no matter where they fly, they cannot find anything more dear than themselves. In the same way, others also love themselves most. Therefore, he who knows what is dear to himself must not harm others." He emphasized the need to sublimate one's own position and transform it into the position of others. This is in line with the spirit of Christ, who taught, "Love your neighbor as yourself."

However, the meaning of "gaman" was later reversed, and the term "gaman" came to mean refraining from one's own assertion.

[Takahashi Tsuyoshi]

[Reference] | Slow

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

サンスクリット語アスミマーナasmimānaの訳語。仏教教義においては、心の傲(おご)りを「慢」と称して煩悩(ぼんのう)の一種に数えているが、それに7種あるという。そのうち、「私は劣れるものより勝(すぐ)れているとか、等しいものと等しいのである」というように「私は……である」と考える心の傲りが狭義の慢であり、「五取蘊(ごしゅうん)(五つの執着の要素)は我(が)あるいは我所(がしょ)からなるものである」と考える心の傲りを我慢と称するのである。しかし一般には、自己を恃(たの)んで他人を軽んずる意に用いられ、その意味では我執(がしゅう)とほぼ同様の意味である。我執とは、「我ということば」というのが本来の語義で、なにかにつけ「俺(おれ)が俺が」と自己主張してやまない態度をさすのである。仏陀(ぶっだ)は、「人の思いはどこにでも飛んで行くことができる。だが、どこに飛んで行こうとも、自己より愛(いと)しいものをみつけ出すことはできない。それと同じように他の人々にも自己はこよなく愛しい。されば、自己の愛しいことを知るものは、他の人々を害してはならない。」と、自己の立場を止揚(しよう)して他者の立場に転換することを強調したのであるが、これは、「汝(なんじ)の隣人を汝自身を愛するように愛せ」と説いたキリストの精神と相通ずるものである。

 なお、我慢の意義は、のちに逆転して、自己主張を抑えることを「我慢する」というに至った。

[高橋 壯]

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