Acceleration disease

Japanese: 加速度病 - かそくどびょう
Acceleration disease

When a vehicle repeatedly stops, starts, turns, or jolts (all of which are expressed in terms of acceleration G), the changes in acceleration cause discomfort. This is called acceleration sickness or motion sickness. In aircraft, this is called air sickness, and seasickness and other motion sickness are also caused by changes in acceleration. There is no acceleration load during orbital flight in a spacecraft, but space sickness occurs in a weightless state. Acceleration sickness is caused by stimuli such as motion acting on the inner ear-vestibular system, which is responsible for the balance of the human body (the otoliths react to linear acceleration, and the semicircular canals react to angular acceleration such as turning), causing autonomic nervous system imbalance. Mental tension and a sense of responsibility at work are also involved, and pilots and drivers can also develop acceleration sickness when driving or piloting a vehicle operated by someone else.

Initial symptoms include yawning and saliva production. Secondary symptoms include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and other discomforts. Objective symptoms include paleness of the face and limbs, cold sweats, low blood pressure, and a weak pulse. In severe cases, vomiting occurs frequently, the vomitus may be mixed with blood, and the patient may fall into a coma, but death does not occur. Anyone with normal inner ear function can suffer from acceleranthroma.

To prevent this, in airplanes, sit deep in the center of the seat, rest your head against the backrest, close your eyes, and do not look down. On a ship, sleep with a pillow facing the direction of travel. Sometimes it is better to sleep on the deck rather than in a poorly ventilated passenger cabin. On a bus or train, choose a seat close to the center of the axle where there is less vibration, and face the direction of travel. Take anti-motion sickness medication (a drug to prevent motion sickness) 30 minutes before boarding the vehicle. Measures to eliminate mental tension and anxiety can sometimes be effective. Incidentally, speed alone does not cause motion sickness, whether you are on a supersonic aircraft or a spaceship that orbits the Earth once every 90 minutes.

[Yokobori Sakae]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

乗り物が急停車、発進、急旋回、動揺(いずれも加速度Gで強さを表示)を繰り返すと、加速度の変化によって不快状態がおこる。これを加速度病または動揺病という。航空機の場合には空酔いといい、いわゆる船酔いや他の乗り物酔いも加速度の変化でおこる。宇宙船の軌道飛行中には加速度の負荷はないが、無重量状態で宇宙酔いを生ずる。加速度病の原因は、動揺などの刺激が人体の平衡をつかさどる内耳‐前庭系(直線加速度に反応するのは耳石、旋回など角加速度に反応するのは三半規管)に作用し、自律神経失調をおこすためである。精神緊張や作業責任感なども関係し、操縦士や運転者も他人が操縦や運転をする乗り物では加速度病をおこすことがある。

 初期症状として、あくびや生つばが出てくる。続発症状として、むかつき、嘔吐(おうと)、めまいなどの不快感がくる。他覚的には、顔や手足が蒼白(そうはく)となり、冷や汗、血圧低下、脈拍微弱がみられる。重症のときには嘔吐が頻発し、吐物に血が混じったり、昏睡(こんすい)状態になることもあるが死亡することはない。内耳の機能が正常であれば、だれでも加速度病になる可能性がある。

 予防としては、航空機の場合は座席の中央部で奥深く腰をかけ、背もたれに頭部を固定して目をつむり、下を向かないようにする。船では進行方向に枕(まくら)を置いて寝る。換気のよくない客室よりも甲板のほうがよいこともある。バスや電車では、振動の少ない車軸の中央部に近いところを選び、進行方向に向かって乗るようにする。乗り物に乗る30分前に抗酔剤(乗り物酔い予防治療薬)を服用する。精神的な緊張感や不安感をなくすくふうも、ときには効果がある。なお、超音速機でも、地球周囲を90分で1周する宇宙船に乗っていても、スピードだけでは加速度病はおこらない。

[横堀 栄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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