Gas tank - gas tank

Japanese: ガスタンク - がすたんく(英語表記)gas tank
Gas tank - gas tank

Gas cylinders are storage containers for fuel city gas and industrial gas, and are also called gas holders. Small portable pressurized gas containers are called gas cylinders or gas cylinders.

In normal pressure tanks that store gas at normal pressure, the tank volume needs to be changed according to the change in the amount of gas. There are two types of tanks: wet tanks with a water-sealed dome that moves up and down at the base, and dry tanks with a fixed upright cylinder (or polygonal cylinder) with a partition (piston) that moves up and down inside. There are also column-type wet tanks, where the dome moves up and down vertically using guide columns installed on the outside, and column-less tanks, where the dome itself has guide rails at an angle and the dome moves up and down while rotating. Because they are water-sealed, they are not used for water-soluble gases, and it is inevitable that the gas will become saturated with water vapor. Although there are ways to reduce the amount of water, such as raising the center of the bottom plate, the weight load on the base is relatively large, and most tanks have a capacity of tens of thousands of cubic meters or less. There are two types of airtightness between the partition and the inside of the dry tank: a liquid seal type that uses mineral oil, etc., and a diaphragm type that uses a flexible membrane such as rubber, the latter of which provides a higher seal. Dry tanks are constructed with a capacity of about 600,000 m3 for liquid seal type and up to tens of thousands of m3 for diaphragm type. In order to prevent air from being mixed into the gas during storage or supply, and to supply gas under its own pressure, the gas pressure in the normal pressure tank is increased by several tens to several hundreds of millimeters of water column above atmospheric pressure.

In order to miniaturize piping and storage tanks, even city gas is often pressurized to about 10 atmospheres in main piping. Spherical tanks are often used for such high-pressure tanks, and tanks with capacities ranging from 1,000 cubic meters to 20,000 cubic meters (approximately 35 meters in diameter) are constructed. Small tanks of 50 cubic meters or less are often horizontally placed cylindrical tanks, and are used not only as stationary tanks but also as tank trucks for transportation, with pressures reaching over 100 atmospheres.

[Yuji Kawamura]

Gas tank structure (spherical tank)
©Takashi Aoki

Gas tank structure (spherical tank)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

燃料用都市ガスならびに工業用ガスの貯蔵容器のことで、ガスホルダーともいう。可搬用小型圧力ガス容器はガスボンベあるいはガスシリンダーとよばれる。

 ガスを常圧で貯蔵する常圧タンクでは、ガス量の変化に応じてタンク内容積を変える必要があり、基部を水封されたドームが上下する湿式タンクと、内部に上下する仕切り板(ピストン)をもつ固定直立円筒(または多角筒)型の乾式タンクとがある。さらに湿式タンクには、外部に設けられた案内用支柱によってドームが垂直に昇降する有柱式と、ドーム自体に斜めに案内用レールが設けられており、ドームが旋回しながら昇降する無柱式とがある。水封式であるため水溶性ガスには用いられず、またガス中に水蒸気が飽和することも避けられない。また、底板中央部を高くするなど水量を少なくするくふうはなされているが、基盤の重量負荷は比較的大きく、数万立方メートル以下の容量のものが多い。乾式タンクの仕切り板とタンク内面との気密方式には、鉱油などを用いる液シール式と、ゴムなどの可撓(かとう)性膜を用いるダイヤフラム式とがあり、後者のほうが密閉性が高い。乾式タンクは液シール式で60万立方メートル程度、ダイヤフラム式で十数万立方メートル程度までの容量のものが建設されている。貯蔵中あるいは送気中のガスに空気が混入しないためにも、自圧で送気するためにも、常圧タンク内のガス圧は大気圧より水柱で数十~数百ミリメートル加圧されている。

 配管や貯槽の小型化を図るため、都市ガスでも基幹配管では10気圧程度までの加圧下で行われることが多い。このような高圧タンクには球型タンクが多く用いられ、容量1000立方メートル級のものから2万立方メートル(直径約35メートル程度)級のものまで建設されている。また、50立方メートル級以下の小型タンクには横置円筒型のものが多く、定置タンクのほか、輸送用タンクローリーとしても使用されており、圧力も100気圧以上に及んでいる。

[河村祐治]

ガスタンクの構造(球型タンク)
©青木 隆">

ガスタンクの構造(球型タンク)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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