Generally, it refers to a gathering for the compilation of Buddhist scriptures. It is a translation of the Pali word sagīti or sagaha, which mean "collective recitation" and "collection," respectively. A total of six meetings have been held to date, but the content has changed over time. There are also discrepancies between the southern and northern traditions, and scholars have questioned its historical validity in some cases. The first assembly is said to have taken place in a monastery outside the city of Rajagriha, the capital of Magadha, immediately after the Buddha's death. The details of this first assembly are described in the "Small Pieces" of the Pāli Vinaya as follows: Shortly after the Buddha's death, Mahakassapa and his group learned of the Buddha's death from a heretic. However, an elderly monk in the group made a rude remark, saying, "This is what you are, this is what you are not, and we have escaped from the great monks who have been tormenting us." Hearing this, Mahakassapa sensed that the time would come when the correct teachings would be corrupted and the correct precepts would decline, and suggested, "Friends, let us gather together the Dharma and Vinaya, and be ahead of the time when the unlawful teachings will rise and the Dharma will decline, and the unlawful teachings will rise and the Vinaya will decline." Thus, under Mahakassapa's guidance, a meeting was held, and Ananda and Upali became the reciters, reciting the Dharma and Vinaya respectively. The name "Joint Recitation" comes from the fact that all the participants recited together. In this way, the Dharma and Vinaya preached by the Buddha were engraved in the memory of all the members of the religious community, the Buddha's personality and will were externalized, and the oral tradition was established, which is of great significance. The second council was held in Vesali about 100 years after the Buddha's death, due to a dispute over precepts, and was attended by 700 monks. According to the traditions of the Theravada schools in the south, the third council was held in Pataliputra during the reign of King Ashoka, with 1000 monks attended under Moggaliputta Tissa as the chief, and the Treatise on Discourses was created. The fourth council was held in Aruvihara (Stone Monastery) in Sri Lanka in the 1st century B.C. It is said that the Tripitaka (the sutras and treatises), which had been handed down orally until then, were written down for the first time with their commentaries, and this is of great significance. According to the traditions of the north, the Mahavibhasa-ron was compiled in Kashmir under King Kanishka in the 2nd century, and this is considered to be the fourth council. Further down, the fifth congregation was held in Mandalay, Burma (now Myanmar) in 1871, and the sixth in Rangoon (now Yangon), also in Burma, in 1954 to commemorate the 2,500th anniversary of the birth of Buddha, when the Pali Tripitaka was published in Burmese script. [Takahashi Tsuyoshi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般に仏教における聖典編集のための集会をいう。パーリ語のサンギーティsagītiまたはサンガハsagahaの訳語で、それぞれ「合誦(ごうじゅ)」または「集成(しゅうせい)」を意味する。今日に至るまでつごう6回開催されているが、その内容は時代とともに変化している。また南方の伝承と北方の伝承とでは食い違いがあり、かつその歴史性が学者によって問題とされる場合もある。 まず第1回の結集は、仏陀(ぶっだ)(釈迦(しゃか))の入滅直後マガダの都ラージャグリハ(王舎城)の城外の精舎(しょうじゃ)で行われたといわれる。この第一結集の経緯についてパーリ律蔵(りつぞう)の「小品(しょうぼん)」に次のように伝えられている。仏陀の入滅まもないとき、マハーカッサパ(摩訶迦葉(まかかしょう))たちの一行はある外道(げどう)から仏陀の訃報(ふほう)を聞き知った。ところが一行のなかの老比丘(びく)(僧)が、「このことは汝(なんじ)らにふさわし、このことは汝らにふさわしからず、と我らを悩ました大沙門(だいしゃもん)から脱することを得た云々(うんぬん)」の暴言を吐いたのである。これを聞いたマハーカッサパは、やがて正しい教法が乱れ、正しい戒律が衰えるときのくるのを予感して、「友よ、我らはよろしく法と律とを結集して、非法興り法衰え、非律興り律衰えるときに先んじようではないか」と提言した。かくしてマハーカッサパの指導の下に集会が開催され、アーナンダ(阿難(あなん))とウパーリ(優婆離(うばり))の2人が誦出者(じゅしゅつしゃ)となり、それぞれ法と律を誦(じゅ)したのであるが、これにあわせて参加者一同がともに誦出したところから、「合誦(ごうじゅ)」の名が由来する。このようにして仏陀の説いた法と律とが教団全員の記憶のうちに刻み込まれたのであり、仏陀の人格と意志が外化され、口誦伝承として確立したのであり、その意義はすこぶる大きい。 第2回の結集は、仏陀の滅後およそ100年に、戒律上の争いがもとで、ベーサーリにおいて700人の比丘が参加して行われた。また南方の上座部の伝承によれば、第3回の結集がアショカ王の時代に都のパータリプトラで行われ、モッガリプッタ・ティッサを首座として1000人の比丘が参加し、このとき『論事』の成立をみたといわれる。第4回の結集は、紀元前1世紀のころスリランカのアルビハーラ(石精舎(せきしょうじゃ))で開催され、このとき初めて、それまで口誦で伝承されていた三蔵(経律論)がその注釈とともに書写されたといわれており、その意義は大きい。また北方の伝承によると、2世紀のカニシカ王治下のカシミールで『大毘婆沙論(だいびばしゃろん)』が編集されたのであるが、これを第四結集とみなしている。さらに下って第5回の結集は1871年ビルマ(現ミャンマー)のマンダレーで、また第6回の結集は1954年仏誕2500年を記念して同じくビルマのラングーン(現ヤンゴン)で開催され、そのときビルマ文字によるパーリ蔵経の出版がなされたのである。 [高橋 壯] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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