African National Congress (ANC)

Japanese: アフリカ民族会議 - アフリカみんぞくかいぎ（英語表記）African National Congress; ANC

A South African nationalist organization, later a political party, founded in 1912. It was established in Bloemfontein with the support of African and Coloured (mixed race) organisations in the Cape and Natal. It was originally called the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), but changed its name in 1923. Its first president was John L. Dube, leader of the Natal Native Congress, and its first secretary-general was Sol Plaatje, leader of the Coloured organisation in the Cape. Its main goal was to give Africans equal citizenship rights to whites, but it also worked with the Indian Congress and others to expand the rights of all non-whites. However, it did not generally adopt a radical approach to its movements, and instead developed a passive resistance movement influenced by Gandhism. As the apartheid regime was strengthened following the establishment of the National Party government in 1948, in 1949 it adopted the Affirmative Action Platform, which the ANC Youth League had long advocated. In 1952, Albert Lusuli became president and the group's activities became more active, but government repression became more severe and the group's activities did not produce any results. Disappointed, Robert M. Sobukwe and other radicals left the group in 1959 and formed the Pan African Congress (PAC). However, following the Sharpeville massacre in March 1960, the ANC and the PAC were outlawed. The ANC's activities became increasingly radical from the late 1970s, and it became increasingly active in destructive activities, such as the bombing of the SASOL Company (1980) and the Air Force Headquarters Building (1983). Furthermore, around the time of the implementation of the new racial tricameral constitution in 1984, the anti-apartheid movement in the country intensified, and the ANC's influence also increased. When the de Klerk government came to power in 1989, the illegal measures were lifted in 1990, and apartheid was abolished in 1991 with the complete repeal of the fundamental racial segregation laws. After that, the LDP continued to engage in dialogue and negotiations with the de Klerk government, which was seeking to establish a new constitution for "majority rule with the premise of black voting rights," and in 1993, an interim constitution was enacted that proclaimed equality for all races. In the April 1994 Constituent Assembly election, the LDP became the leading party, and its chairman, Nelson Mandela, became South Africa's first black president. The following May, President Mandela appointed former President Frederik Willem de Klerk and ANC Deputy Chairman Thabo Mbeki as vice presidents, and further allocated ministerial posts to the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party to form a grand coalition government. In 1996, the LDP adopted a new constitution that included racial equality, taking the first step toward ethnic coexistence. At the 50th party conference in 1997, President Mandela retired as party chairman and was succeeded by Deputy Chairman Mbeki. In 1999, Mbeki became the second president.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

1912年に設立された南アフリカ共和国の民族主義組織，のち政党。ケープ，ナタールなどのアフリカ人やカラード (混血) の組織を母体として，ブルームフォンテーンで設立。当初は南アフリカ先住民民族会議 SANNCと称したが，1923年名称変更。初代総裁はナタール先住民会議の指導者ジョン・L.デュベ，初代書記長はケープのカラード組織の指導者ソル・プラアジェ。アフリカ人に白人と同等の市民権を獲得させることをおもな目標としたが，その枠内にとどまらず，非白人全体の権利拡張のためにインド人会議などと共闘することもあった。しかし概して過激な運動方針はとらず，ガンジー主義の影響による消極的抵抗運動を展開した。 1948年の国民党政権成立を契機にアパルトヘイト体制が強化されていくなかで，1949年 ANC青年連盟がかねて主張していた積極行動綱領を採択する。 1952年アルバート・ルスリが総裁に就任し，活動はさらに活発になったが，政府の弾圧もいっそう厳しくなり，成果も上がらず，失望したロバート・M.ソブクウェら過激派は 1959年に脱退しパン・アフリカニスト会議 PACを組織した。しかし翌 1960年3月のシャープビル虐殺事件を契機に，PACとともに非合法化された。 ANCの活動は 1970年代後半からしだいに過激化し，石炭液化会社 (SASOL) 爆破事件 (1980) ，空軍本部ビル爆破事件 (1983) などの破壊活動が目立つようになった。さらに 1984年の人種別三院制新憲法施行前後から国内の反アパルトヘイト運動が強まり，ANCの影響力も増大した。 1989年デクラーク政権が誕生すると 1990年に非合法措置が解除され，1991年人種隔離基幹諸法の全廃により，アパルトヘイトの消滅を迎えた。その後は「黒人の参政権を前提とした多数支配」のための新憲法制定を模索するデクラーク政権と対話・交渉を続け，1993年全人種平等などをうたった暫定憲法を成立させた。 1994年4月に行なわれた制憲議会選挙で第一党となり，議長のネルソン・マンデラが南ア初の黒人大統領となった。翌5月，マンデラ大統領はフレデリク・ウィレム・デクラーク前大統領とターボ・ムベキ ANC副議長を副大統領に任命，さらに国民党とインカタ自由党にも閣僚ポストを配分して大連立政権を発足させた。 1996年人種間の平等などを含む新憲法を採択して民族共生への第一歩を踏み出した。 1997年の第 50回党大会でマンデラ大統領は党議長を勇退し，後任にはムベキ副議長が就任した。 1999年ムベキは第2代大統領となった。

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