The erosion of a river or glacier toward its base. It is also called downward erosion or simply undercutting. A term used in contrast to lateral incision. Undercutting causes the base to gradually lower. Even where the base is bedrock, rock masses can be torn off along cracks in the rock (cutting action), and if flowing water or ice is accompanied by gravel, it acts as a file and polishes the rock. Where the base is made of sediment, it is not uncommon for the valley to be deepened by several meters during a major flood. Undercutting plays an important role in the development of a valley, but it weakens in old age as it approaches the erosion base line. In the case of glaciers, over-undercutting can occur, where undercutting extends further below the erosion base line. In reality, undercutting and lateral incision work simultaneously. [Shigemi Takayama] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
河流や氷河がその底面に向かって働きかける侵食作用。下方侵食または単に下刻ともいう。側刻作用に対して用いる語。下刻によって底面はしだいに低下する。底面が岩盤からなる所でも岩石中の割れ目に沿って岩塊がもぎ取られる(切離作用(せつりさよう))ことがあり、流水や氷が砂礫(されき)を伴っていると、やすりの役目をして研磨作用が行われる。底面が堆積(たいせき)物からなる所では、大きな洪水のときに数メートルも削られて深くなることが珍しくない。下刻は谷の発達に重要な役割を果たすが、老年期以降、侵食基準面に近づくにつれて弱まる。氷河の場合には侵食基準面よりさらに下方に下刻が及ぶ過下刻作用の行われることがある。現実には下刻と側刻とは同時に働く。 [髙山茂美] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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