Carmelites - Ordo Carmelitarum (Latin)

Japanese: カルメル会 - かるめるかい(英語表記)Ordo Carmelitarum ラテン語
Carmelites - Ordo Carmelitarum (Latin)

A Christian order of contemplation. It originated on Mount Carmel in Palestine. Its legendary founders were the Old Testament prophet Elijah and his disciple Elisha, and it is confirmed that hermits, following the traditions of the Old Testament, have been gathering and living in this area since ancient times. In the 13th century, it was officially recognized as a monastic order, and was counted among the mendicant orders, and began to engage in general pastoral activities. With the Islamic occupation of Palestine, the order migrated to Western Europe and spread to England and other parts of the world. Since the end of the Middle Ages, the rules of the order had become loosened, and discipline had become lax, so Superior General John Solet (?-1471) made an effort to reform the order, including establishing a new constitution. In the 16th century, a reform movement was started in Spain by Teresa de Jesus (1515-1582) and John of the Cross (1542-1591), and in 1593 the reformers became independent from the pedipaltic Carmelites, who followed relaxed rules. The pedipaltic Carmelites then spread all over the world, carrying out missionary activities in Africa and Asia, and in Japan the Female Discotheque Carmelites came in 1933 (Showa 8), and the Male Discotheque Carmelites came in 1952 (Showa 27), and currently there are seven female monasteries and five male monasteries in Tokyo, Kanazawa, Kyoto, and other locations.

The Carmelites live communally and aim to realize God's love through prayer and meditation, and are required to meditate for two hours a day, leading a strict lifestyle. Since ancient times, the order has also been known as the "Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel." It has also produced many mystics and theologians, including the aforementioned Teresa and John, as well as Therese of Lisieux, and continues to form a major trend in Christian mystical thought today.

[Yoshio Tsuruoka]

[Reference] | Theresa

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

観想を旨とするキリスト教修道会の一つ。パレスチナのカルメル山を発祥の地とする。その伝説上の開祖は旧約の預言者エリヤと弟子のエリシャで、こうした旧約時代以来の伝統を引く隠修士たちが、古い時代からこの地に集まり住んでいたことが確認されている。13世紀になって正式な修道会として認可され、さらに托鉢(たくはつ)修道会の一つに数えられて、一般の司牧活動にも従事するようになった。イスラムによるパレスチナ占領に伴い、会は西ヨーロッパに移住し、イギリスはじめ各地に広まった。中世末期から会則の緩和に伴う規律の弛緩(しかん)をみたため、総長ヨハネス・ソレト(?―1471)は新たな会憲を定めるなど、会の改革に努力した。16世紀に入るとスペインで、テレサ・デ・ヘスス(1515―1582)、十字架のヨハネ(1542―1591)らによる改革運動が起こり、1593年改革派は跣足(せんそく)カルメル会として、緩和された会則を守る履足(りそく)派から独立するに至った。その後跣足派は、アフリカやアジアに向け宣教活動を行うなどして世界各地に広まり、日本にも1933年(昭和8)女子跣足カルメル会が、1952年(昭和27)には男子跣足カルメル会が渡来して、現在東京、金沢、京都などに、七つの女子修道院、五つの男子修道院を開いている。

 カルメル会は共同生活を営みながら、祈りと黙想のなかで神の愛の実現を目ざすもので、1日2時間の黙想が義務づけられ、厳格な生活を営む。古来、聖母尊崇も盛んで、「カルメル山の聖母の修道会」ともよばれる。また前記のテレサ、ヨハネをはじめ、リジューのテレジアら多くの神秘家、神学者を輩出し、現在もキリスト教神秘思想における大きな潮流を形成している。

[鶴岡賀雄]

[参照項目] | テレジア

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