Carnot, Lazare

Japanese: カルノー(英語表記)Carnot, Lazare
Carnot, Lazare
Born: May 13, 1753. Côte d'Or, Noray
[Died] August 2, 1823, Magdeburg. French politician and mathematician. Known as "the organizer of victory" or "the great Carnot." In August 1793, he became a member of the Committee of Public Safety, and led the national defense, contributing to the organization of a modern national army. He participated in the coup d'état of Thermidor 9 (the hot month of the revolutionary calendar, July 27, 1794), and was appointed one of the Directors of the Directory in October 1795, but was expelled in the coup d'état of Fructidor 18 (the full month of the revolutionary calendar, September 4, 1897). He then became an enemy of the imperial government and retreated into the countryside, but in 1814, when his country was facing a crisis, he defended the fortress of Antwerp. He was Napoleon I's Minister of the Interior during the "Hundred Days." He went into exile when the monarchy was restored. His achievements in analytical geometry and synthetic geometry are extremely noteworthy. Main author: "Essai sur les machines en général" (83), "Position Geometry" (1803).

Carnot
Carnot, (Nicolas-Léonard-) Sadi

Born: June 1, 1796 in Paris
Died: August 24, 1832. French physicist. Eldest son of L. Carnot (the Elder). After graduating from the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris (1814), he became an engineer in the army, but took a leave of absence from military service in 1819 and retired in 1828 to study mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural history, politics, economics, and other subjects. He was also interested in music and sports. In his only paper published in 1824, "Considerations on the Motive Power of Fire," he showed that a reversible engine has the greatest efficiency and that its efficiency is a function only of the maximum and minimum temperatures of steam. The content of this work is known as the Carnot cycle, and is related to the second law of thermodynamics. However, Carnot himself died young from cholera, which was prevalent in Paris, and the formulation of the second law was left to R. Clausius.

Carnot
Carnot, (Marie-François-) Sadi

Born: August 11, 1837 in Limoges
[Died] June 24, 1894. Lyon. French politician. Fourth President of the Third Republic (in office 1887-94). Grandson of Carnot the Elder. Prefect of the Seine-Inferiour during the Franco-Prussian War, elected member of the National Assembly in 1871. After serving as Minister of Public Works (1879-80) and Minister of Finance (1885-86), he succeeded F. Grévy as President. An extreme republican, he often appeared before the public during the Boulanger Affair to improve the government's image. He was assassinated by Italian anarchist S. Caserio while giving a speech in Lyon in 1894.

Carnot
Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte

Born: April 13, 1801, Pas-de-Calais, Saint-Omer
[Died] March 16, 1888. Paris. French politician. Second son of Carnot the Elder. Brother of NLS Carnot. Deputy elected from Paris. Became Minister of Education in 1848. Refusing to take the oath to Emperor Napoleon III, he temporarily withdrew from public life, but became a member of the National Assembly in 1871 and a Senator for life in 1875.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1753.5.13. コートドール,ノレー
[没]1823.8.2. マクデブルク
フランスの政治家,数学者。「勝利の組織者」または「大カルノー」と呼ばれる。 1793年8月公安委員会委員となり,国防の陣頭に立って近代的国民軍の組織化に貢献した。テルミドール九日 (革命暦の熱月,1794.7.27.) のクーデターに参加し,95年 10月から総裁政府の総裁の一人に指名されたが,フリュクティドール 18日 (革命暦の実月,97.9.4.) のクーデターで除名された。その後帝政に敵対して野に下ったが,1814年祖国の危機を目前にしてアントウェルペンの要塞を防衛。ナポレオン1世の「百日天下」の内務相。王政復古にあたり亡命。解析幾何学や総合幾何学についての彼の業績は,きわめて注目に値する。主著"Essai sur les machines en général" (83) ,『位置幾何学』 Géométrie de position (1803) 。

カルノー
Carnot, (Nicolas-Léonard-) Sadi

[生]1796.6.1. パリ
[没]1832.8.24. パリ
フランスの物理学者。 L.カルノー (大カルノー) の長男。パリのエコール・ポリテクニク卒業 (1814) 後,陸軍の技師になったが,1819年軍務を休職し,さらに 28年には退役して,数学,物理学,化学,博物学のほか,政治・経済などの研究に没頭した。また音楽やスポーツにも通じていた。 24年に公刊された唯一の論文『火の動力についての考察』において,可逆機関が最大の効率を有し,またその効率は蒸気の最高温度と最低温度だけの関数であることを示した。その内容はカルノーサイクルとして知られ,熱力学第二法則に通じるものであったが,カルノー自身はパリに流行していたコレラのために夭折し,第二法則の定式化は R.クラウジウスの手にゆだねられた。

カルノー
Carnot, (Marie-François-) Sadi

[生]1837.8.11. リモージュ
[没]1894.6.24. リヨン
フランスの政治家。第三共和政第4代の大統領 (在任 1887~94) 。大カルノーの孫。普仏戦争時はセーヌアンフェリュール県知事,1871年国民議会議員に選出。公共事業相 (79~80) ,蔵相 (85~86) を歴任ののち,F.グレビーのあとをうけて大統領に就任。極端な共和主義者で,ブーランジェ事件のときには,しばしば大衆の前に現れて政府のイメージ・アップに努めた。 94年リヨンで演説中イタリアの無政府主義者 S.カセリオに暗殺された。

カルノー
Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte

[生]1801.4.13. パドカレー,サントメール
[没]1888.3.16. パリ
フランスの政治家。大カルノーの次男。 N.L.S.カルノーの弟。パリ選出代議士。 1848年文相に就任。ナポレオン3世への宣誓を拒否し一時公的生活を離れたが,71年国民議会議員となり,75年終身の上院議員となる。

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