This refers to a clinical psychologist who provides therapeutic, preventive, and developmental assistance and support to clients (sometimes called clients) through interviews and consultations. Counsellors may have such an influence that it can affect the way their clients live their lives, so they are expected to receive appropriate psychological clinical training and experience, and become professionals who are well-rounded both technically and as people. When someone is referred to as a counselor, it is sometimes referred to as a job title, and sometimes it can be used voluntarily to refer to oneself as a status, and even today there remains some ambiguity and uncertainty about the term. The training system for clinical psychology professionals, including counselors, has been rapidly developed since around 1990. A major contributing factor to this is thought to be the establishment of the certification system for "clinical psychologists" by the Japan Clinical Psychologist Certification Board (1988), which established the various conditions for obtaining the qualification. This certification required completion of a master's degree course at a graduate school, and within that course the specialized curriculum required of counselors was clearly stated, establishing the framework for training clinical psychology professionals. Today, in addition to "clinical psychologist," there are other qualifications for counselors, such as "certified counselor" from the Japanese Counseling Association, "school psychologist" from the School Psychologist Certification Management Organization, and "industrial counselor" from the Japan Association of Industrial Counselors. However, all of these are certified by respective institutions or organizations, and the legal backing for counselors has not yet been established. Among these, the "school counselor" is thought to have the strongest public character. This is because it is one of the policies of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, backed by national budgetary measures, and while "clinical psychologists" are the main focus, other qualified psychology professionals (such as those with "school psychologist" qualifications) and people with educational experience (retired principals, teachers, etc.) are commissioned to be in charge of the position. From 1995 to 2000 (Heisei 12), it was carried out as a utilization research project of the Ministry of Education (now the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology), but from 2001 a five-year plan was drawn up to make it a permanent system, and measures were taken to place "school counselors" in all public junior high schools, and today they are also being placed in elementary schools and high schools. In addition to being "school counselors," psychological clinical professionals are also being used in fields such as health and welfare, medicine and nursing, industry and management, corrections and justice, and defense (the Self-Defense Forces), and psychological assistance and support activities for others are being promoted widely. In recent years, interest in the activities and work of counselors has also spread widely among the general public. [Minoru Masuda] "Counselors in a Changing Society" by C. Gilbert Wren, translated by Kobayashi Junichi (1965, Enderle Shoten)" ▽ "Six Chapters for Counselors - Developing the Counseling Mind" by Kokubu Yasutaka (1991, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "How to Become a Counselor" by Takahashi Yoshiaki (1994, Seiunsha)" ▽ "The Mind of a Counselor" by Saji Morio (1996, Misuzu Shobo)" ▽ "Why School Counselors Now?" edited by Ujihara Hiroshi and Murayama Masaharu (1998, Minerva Shobo)" ▽ "Counselors: The Conditions of Being a Professional" by Kanazawa Yoshinobu (1998, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "The Work of a Counselor" edited by Miki Yoshihiko and Kuroki Kenichi (1999, Toki Shobo)" ▽ "Introductory Handbook for Counselor, by Ito Tomohachiro (1999, OS Publishing)" ▽ "Everything You Need to Know About Industrial Counselors, edited and published by Hogaku Shoin (1999)" ▽ "Listen, Listen! The Days of a School Counselor, by Morita Akiko (2001, Akashi Shoten)" ▽ "The Work of a School Counselors, by Ito Minako (2002, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Qualifications and Work of Certified Counselors, edited by the Japanese Counseling Association (2006, Kaneko Shobo) " ▽ "The Progress and Prospects of Clinical Psychologists, edited by the Japan Clinical Psychologist Certification Association (2008, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "New: To Become a Clinical Psychologist, edited by the Japan Clinical Psychologist Certification Association, various annual editions (Seishin Shobo)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
来談者(クライエントclient。クライアントとよぶ場合もある)との面接や面談などを通して、その内面への治療的therapeutic、予防的preventive、および、進展的developmentalな援助・支援を行う心理臨床的な専門家をさす。 カウンセラーは、クライエントの生き方を左右するほどの影響を及ぼす存在になる場合もあるので、それにふさわしい心理臨床的な訓練や体験を重ね、技法的にも人間的にも豊かな専門家となるよう望まれる。 カウンセラーと称されるとき、それが職名としてよばれる場合もあるし、また、身分として随意に名のることもできる状況にあり、今日なお、あいまいさや不明確な部分が残されている。 カウンセラーを含む心理臨床的な専門家の養成制度は、1990年(平成2)前後以降、急速に整えられてきている。これは、日本臨床心理士資格認定協会によって「臨床心理士」の認定制度が創設(1988)され、その資格を取得するための諸条件が整備されてきたことが大きな促進要因となったと考えられる。この資格認定では、大学院修士課程修了を資格取得要件とし、その課程のなかでカウンセラーなどに求められる専門的カリキュラムなどが明示され、心理臨床的専門家養成の骨格が整えられた。 カウンセラーに関する資格は、今日、「臨床心理士」以外にも日本カウンセリング学会による「認定カウンセラー」、学校心理士認定運営機構による「学校心理士」、日本産業カウンセラー協会による「産業カウンセラー」などがあるが、いずれもそれぞれの機関・団体などによる認定資格であって、カウンセラーに関する法的な裏づけはまだ確立されていない。 そのなかで、公的性格をもっとも強く有すると考えられるのが「スクールカウンセラー」であろう。それは、国家的予算措置を背景に文部科学省の施策の一つとしてなされているからであるが、これには「臨床心理士」を中心にしながら、その他の資格保有者(「学校心理士」有資格者など)の心理関係専門家や教育経験者(退職した校長、教員など)がその職務担当者として委嘱されている。1995年度から2000年度(平成12)までは、文部省(現、文部科学省)の活用調査研究事業としてなされていたが、2001年度からは恒常的制度化に向けて五か年計画が策定され、全公立中学校へ「スクールカウンセラー」を配置する措置が講じられて、今日では小学校や高等学校への配置もなされている。 カウンセラーとよばれる心理臨床的な専門家は、この「スクールカウンセラー」以外にも、厚生・福祉、医療・看護、産業・経営、矯正・司法、防衛(自衛隊)などの分野でも活用されるようになり、他者への心理的な援助・支援活動が幅広く進められてきている。また、近年カウンセラーの活動や業務などに対する関心も一般に広く浸透してきている。 [増田 實] 『C・ギルバート・レン著、小林純一訳『変動する社会のカウンセラー』(1965・エンデルレ書店)』▽『国分康孝著『カウンセラーのための6章――カウンセリング・マインドの展開』(1991・誠信書房)』▽『高橋善昭著『カウンセラーになる方法』(1994・星雲社)』▽『佐治守夫著『カウンセラーの「こころ」』(1996・みすず書房)』▽『氏原寛・村山正治編著『今なぜスクールカウンセラーなのか』(1998・ミネルヴァ書房)』▽『金沢吉展著『カウンセラー 専門家としての条件』(1998・誠信書房)』▽『三木善彦・黒木賢市編著『カウンセラーの仕事』(1999・朱鷺書房)』▽『伊藤友八郎著『カウンセラー入門ハンドブック』(1999・オーエス出版)』▽『法学書院編・刊『産業カウンセラーのすべてがわかる本』(1999)』▽『森田明子著『きいて、聴いて!スクール・カウンセラーの日々』(2001・明石書店)』▽『伊藤美奈子著『スクールカウンセラーの仕事』(2002・岩波書店)』▽『日本カウンセリング学会編『認定カウンセラーの資格と仕事』(2006・金子書房)』▽『日本臨床心理士資格認定協会編『臨床心理士の歩みと展望』(2008・誠信書房)』▽『日本臨床心理士資格認定協会編『新・臨床心理士になるために』各年版(誠信書房)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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