Development Lord - Kaihatsuryoshu

The original reading is "Kaihotsuryoshu". Also called the "root lord", this refers to the first person to develop uncultivated land with their own efforts and to have the right to own it. They were mainly local clans. They began to appear in the mid-Heian period, when land development activities became popular, and in historical documents they are usually described as feudal lords, private feudal lords, or landowners. The developed land = land was granted the right to use as private land, but the kokuga (provincial government office) imposed various taxes, including rice tax, and they could not exclusively or exclusively own the land. Therefore, in order to eliminate the interference of the kokuga, many feudal lords donated their land to powerful families, reserving the right to advance on the land (the actual right to control the land). As a result, the land was nominally a manor of the powerful family, and the authority of the powerful family was used to make it non-rentable. Therefore, these are called donated manors. After donating their land, the private lords would pay a certain amount of tax and other fees to the powerful families, while also handling the affairs of the manor as subordinates or administrators. These rights were called subordinate positions or administrators, and were allowed to be passed down to their descendants, but depending on the balance of power with the powerful families, some had their manorial rights and land ownership rights absorbed. The emergence of development lords promoted land development from the mid-Heian period onwards, and as a result, the old and new place names of the developed lands were often used as the lord's surname. This is called surname land. Furthermore, based on the relationships they formed with the surrounding farmers in the development and cultivation of the land, the development lords became the head carpenters, and local samurai groups were formed with the headman farmers as retainers and soldiers. As the Kamakura period legal book "Satamirensho" states, "Gokenin" were people who called themselves "fundamental lords" or "private lords," the Kaihatsu lords were the class that became the standard Gokenin of the Kamakura shogunate.

[Murai Yasuhiko]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

「かいほつりょうしゅ」が本来の読み方。根本(こんぽん)領主ともいわれるように、未墾地を初めて私力で開発し、その領有権を有する者をいう。主として地方豪族である。墾田活動が盛んとなった平安中期から登場し始め、史料のうえでは普通、領主・私領主、あるいは地主として表される。その開発地＝所領は、私領として進退領掌する権利を認められたが、田租をはじめとする諸課役を国衙(こくが)から負わされており、所領を排他的、独占的に領有できたわけではない。そこで領主のなかには、国衙の干渉を排除するために、下地進止(したじしんし)権（土地の実質的支配権）を留保した形で、権門勢家に所領を寄進する者が少なくなかった。これにより所領は名目上権門の荘園(しょうえん)とされ、その権威をもって不輸租化が図られた。そこでこれを寄進地系荘園と称している。所領寄進後の私領主は、一定の年貢その他を権門に進める一方、下司(げし)とか預所(あずかりどころ)とよばれて荘務にあたった。そこでこの権利を下司職(しき)とか預所職といい、子孫への相伝も認められたが、権門との力関係によっては、その荘務権・下地進止権を吸収されたものもある。開発領主の出現は平安中期以降国土の開発を推進したが、その結果開発地の新旧地名を領主の名字として用いることが多くなった。これを名字の地という。また、その開発や耕営にあたり周辺の農民と結ばれた関係を基盤として、開発領主が棟梁(とうりょう)となり、名主百姓を郎党や兵とする地方武士団が形成された。鎌倉時代の法律書『沙汰未練書(さたみれんしょ)』に、御家人(ごけにん)は根本領主、私領主と称する人々であるとしているように、開発領主は鎌倉幕府の標準的御家人となった階層である。

［村井康彦］

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