A type of communications satellite intended to ensure communication between ships sailing at sea, as well as between ships and land. Conventionally, this type of communication relied on medium and short wave radio waves, but by using microwaves with artificial satellites as radio relay stations, it has become possible to dramatically improve communication capacity and quality. The MARISAT system (maritime satellite communications service using MARISAT satellites), which had been experimentally implemented by the United States since 1976, was replaced in 1982 by the INMARSAT system, which is jointly operated by 37 countries including Japan. A geostationary maritime satellite is stationed over each of the three oceans, the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and ships sailing in each ocean area can communicate with land or other ships by telephone, telex, etc. via the maritime satellite and multiple ground stations installed along the coasts of each ocean area. As of the end of 2010, there are 94 member countries of the International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO), which operates the INMARSAT system. Distress communications were previously mainly carried out by radio (SOS communication), but in February 1999 this was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), which began operating a distress communications system using the COSPAS/SARSAT orbiting satellites. [Tatsuo Takeuchi] "Introduction to Maritime Satellite Communications, by Toshio Sato, edited and published by the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers (1986, Corona Publishing)" ▽ "Commentary on the International Maritime Satellite Organization Treaty INMARSAT, edited and published by Yamamoto Soji (1991, Daiichi Hoki Publishing)" ▽ "New Edition Introduction to Satellite Communications, by Nosaka Kunifumi and Muratani Takuro (1994, Ohmsha)" ▽ "GMDSS Practical Manual - A Global Maritime Distress and Safety System, by Iijima Yukito and Shoji Kazutami (1996, Seizando Bookstore)" ▽ "Annual editions of the Satellite Communications Annual Report, supervised by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications' Information and Communications Policy Bureau and edited and published by KDDI Engineering and Consulting" [Reference items] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
海上を航行する船舶相互間の通信、ならびに陸上と船舶との間の通信を確保することを目的とした一種の通信衛星。従来この種の通信は中波帯および短波帯の電波に頼っていたが、人工衛星を無線中継局とするマイクロ波を利用することによって、格段と通信容量および品質を向上させることができるようになった。 1976年以来アメリカが試験的に実施していたマリサット(MARISAT)・システム(マリサット衛星による海事衛星通信サービス)から、1982年、日本を含む世界37か国で共有運用するインマルサット(INMARSAT)・システムに移行してサービスが開始された。大西洋、太平洋、インド洋の三つの大洋上にそれぞれ静止海事衛星が配置され、各海域を航行する船舶はこの海事衛星、各海域沿岸に設置された複数個の地上局を経由して、陸側、あるいは他の船舶と電話、テレックスなどの通信を行うことができるようになった。2010年末時点の、インマルサット・システムを運営する国際移動通信衛星機構(IMSO)の加盟国は94か国となっている。なお遭難通信は、従来は無線電信(SOS通信)が主であったが、1999年2月から全世界的海上安全制度Global Maritime Distress and Safety System(GMDSS)に切り替わり、コスパス・サーサット(COSPAS/SARSAT)周回衛星を利用した遭難通信システムの運用が開始されている。 [竹内端夫] 『佐藤敏雄著、電子通信学会編・刊『海事衛星通信入門』(1986・コロナ社発売)』▽『山本草二編著『注解 国際海事衛星機構条約 INMARSAT』(1991・第一法規出版)』▽『野坂邦史・村谷拓郎著『新版 衛星通信入門』(1994・オーム社)』▽『飯島幸人・庄司和民著『GMDSS実務マニュアル――全世界的な海上遭難・安全システム』(1996・成山堂書店)』▽『総務省情報通信政策局監修、KDDIエンジニアリング・アンド・コンサルティング編・刊『衛星通信年報』各年版』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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