Otokai

Japanese: 鷗渡会 - おうとかい

...In 1870, he traveled to Shanghai and felt the need for modernization in Asia. He studied law in the United States and the United Kingdom, and after returning to Japan, he formed the Kyozon Doshu (Coexistence Group). Together with Kaneko Kentaro and Hatoyama Kazuo, he worked to promote liberalism and constitutionalism, while also studying modern law. He entered the government, but resigned to join Okuma Shigenobu in the political upheaval of 1881. He led the Odokai group, which was made up mainly of students from the University of Tokyo, and joined the Constitutional Reform Party, serving as Okuma's brain. Ono drafted the "Reform Party Statement." ...

From the Progressive Party

…All of them aimed for British-style constitutional government. Among them, Fumio Yano (Ryūkei) was the author of the Okuma Opinion Paper, which advocated the party cabinet theory and the early establishment of the National Diet, which were the causes of the 14th year political upheaval, and Azusa Ono had been organizing a political party since his time in office in order to overthrow Satsuma-Choshu. The leadership of the Kaishinto was formed mainly by a group of urban intellectuals, including former bureaucrats, newspaper reporters, lawyers, and teachers, and was broadly divided into three factions: the Omeisha/Tokyo Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun faction led by Numa Morikazu and Shimada Saburo; the Toyo Giseikai/Yubin Hochi Shimbun faction led by Yano and others connected with the Keio University; and the Odo faction led by Ono. The platform also listed more concrete policies than the Liberal Party, such as improving internal affairs and expanding national power, establishing the foundation for local autonomy, expanding suffrage, and developing foreign trade relations. …

From a local association:

In addition, the Kyozo Doshu (founded in 1874, with Ono Azusa, Baba Tatsuo, and others), which was organized by those who had studied in Japan and returned to Japan, and the Buddhist Studies School (founded in 1874) by Nakae Chomin, contributed to the spread of civil rights ideas. In addition, the Kokuyukai (Kokuyukai, Suehiro Shigeyoshi, Baba Tatsuo, Oishi Masami, and others), the Odokai (Ono Azusa, Takada Sanae, and others), which were founded in 1881, and the Toyo Giseikai (Yano Fumio, Fujita Mokichi, Inukai Tsuyoshi, and others, according to the Yubin Hochi Shimbun), which was organized by people associated with Keio University in 1882, were products of a period of intensifying conflict between the government and the civil rights movement, and together with samurai and wealthy farming associations and the Ohmeisha, they became the direct basis for the formation of political parties (the Liberal Party and the Constitutional Reform Party).
[Major local associations during the movement to establish the National Diet]
The relatively well-known local associations are listed below:

*Some of the terminology used in reference to the "Odokai" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…70年上海旅行でアジアの近代化の必要を痛感，米英留学で法律学を学び帰国後共存同衆を結成，金子堅太郎，鳩山和夫らと自由主義，立憲思想の啓蒙につとめる一方，近代法の研究を行う。官途に就くが明治14年の政変で大隈重信に殉じて下野，東京大学の学生を中心とする鷗渡会を率いて立憲改進党に参加，大隈のブレーンとして活躍した。〈改進党趣意書〉は小野の起草による。…

【改進党】より

…彼らはいずれもイギリス流の立憲政治を目標にしており，なかでも矢野文雄(竜渓)は，14年政変の原因となった政党内閣論と早期国会開設とを説いた大隈意見書の起草者であり，小野梓は薩長打倒のため在官中から政党組織化を進めていた。そこで改進党の指導部は元官僚，新聞記者，代言人，教師など都市知識人のグループを中心に形成され，沼間守一，島田三郎らの嚶鳴社･東京横浜毎日新聞派，矢野ら慶応関係者の東洋議政会･郵便報知新聞派，小野らの鷗渡会派の3系統に大別される。また綱領には，内治改良と国権伸張，地方自治の基盤確立，選挙権伸闊，対外通商関係の発展など，自由党に比べて具体的政策を列挙した。…

【地方結社】より

…このほか留学帰朝者が組織した共存同衆(1874年創立，小野梓･馬場辰猪ら)や，中江兆民の仏学塾(1874年創立)は民権思想の普及に貢献した。また1881年に結成された国友会(末広重恭･馬場辰猪･大石正巳ら)や鷗渡会(小野梓･高田早苗ら)，82年に慶応義塾関係者の組織した東洋議政会(矢野文雄･藤田茂吉･犬養毅ら，《郵便報知新聞》による)などは政府と民権派の対立激化の時期の産物であり，士族的･豪農的諸結社や嚶鳴社とともに政党(自由党，立憲改進党)結成の直接の基盤となった。
［国会開設運動期のおもな地方結社］
　比較的著名な地方結社を羅列すると以下のとおりである。…

※「鷗渡会」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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