Negative name - Fumyou

Since the Heian period, in ancient and medieval times, the term meant a person who contracted to cultivate fields and pay the tribute of the government property, and by extension, the land that was contracted. It first appeared in the November 988 (Eien 2) issue of "Owari Province County Governor and Peasants' Commentary" (Heian Ibun no. 339). The term "fumyō" originated in the 10th century when, in order to stop the deadlock of the land allotment system and the chronic underpayment and non-payment of tax, influential peasants were registered in a list of names and made responsible for contracting to cultivate fields and paying taxes. These fields were called "boumyō" after the name of the "fumyō" (field), and therefore also called "myo" (field), "myoden" (field), "fuden" (field). Fumyo was first established in public lands, but was also adopted by manors, where the terms fumyo and myoda were used. There was also the term dezukuri fumyo, which refers to the fields to which manors deduced land when they deduced land elsewhere. Dezukuri people were called funin by the original manor lord, and were still taxed by the manor lord before deducing land.

[Okuno Nakahiko]

"Murai Yasuhiko, 'Research on the Process of Disintegration of the Ancient State' (1965, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Toda Yoshimi, 'Research on the History of the Establishment of the Feudal System in Japan' (1967, Iwanami Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

平安時代以降、古代・中世において田畑を請作(うけさく)し、所当官物(しょとうかんもつ)の貢納を請け負う人、転じてその請作地を意味した。988年（永延2）11月の「尾張(おわり)国郡司百姓等解(ひゃくせいらのげ)」（『平安遺文』339号）に初見。負名は、班田制の行き詰まりと租庸調の未進・未納の慢性化のなかで、それを食い止めるために、有力百姓を名帳(みょうちょう)に登録し、田地の請作と納税の責任を負わせたことから生じた呼称で、10世紀に始まる。これらの田地は、負名の名をつけて某名(ぼうみょう)とよんだので、名(みょう)・名田(みょうでん)・負田(ふでん)などともいう。負名は初め公領に成立したが、荘園(しょうえん)でも取り入れられ、そこでも負名・名田などの語が使用された。また出作(でづくり)負名というのがあって、これは、荘民がほかに出作する場合、その出作先の田のことをさし、出作人は本来の荘園領主から負人(ふにん)とよばれ、依然、出作前の荘園領主から課税された。

［奥野中彦］

『村井康彦著『古代国家解体過程の研究』（1965・岩波書店）』▽『戸田芳実著『日本領主制成立史の研究』（1967・岩波書店）』

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