This refers to a state in which the excess amount does not separate into a separate phase even when the pressure of the gas, the concentration of the solution, etc., exceed the saturation value corresponding to the temperature. When some kind of stimulus is applied to this metastable state, it suddenly transitions to a stable state, causing the precipitation of excess liquid or solid, resulting in the release of a considerable amount of heat energy. A supersaturated aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate is often made in laboratories. When commercially available hypo (sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate) is heated, it eventually dissolves into the water of crystallization, creating an extremely concentrated solution. If this is slowly cooled to room temperature, no crystals precipitate. In other words, a typical supersaturated solution is made. If a piece of crystal is thrown into this, it acts as a nucleus and crystals are immediately formed, generating a significant amount of heat. Water vapor in cooled air also easily becomes supersaturated, which is why frost (rime) on high mountains is formed, with the tips of tree branches becoming the nuclei of ice crystals and growing in the windward direction. When generating crystals from a solution, the walls of the vessel are rubbed or shaken in order to prevent supersaturation as much as possible. This is equivalent to providing a stimulus to transition from a metastable state to a stable state. [Yamazaki Akira] weatherThis refers to a state in which condensation does not occur even when the water vapor pressure in the air is greater than the saturated water vapor pressure. The relationship between condensation and saturation in the atmosphere is complex, and condensation can occur in undersaturated conditions, and condensation can also not occur unless the air is supersaturated. Since the air contains many fine particles such as dust and salts that act as condensation nuclei, it is safe to assume that the air does not become significantly supersaturated, as occurs when only ions and water molecules act as condensation nuclei. [Hiroshi Matano] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
気体の圧力、溶液での濃度などが、その温度に相当した飽和値以上になっても、過剰量が別の相として分離していない状態をさす。このような準安定状態になんらかの刺激が加わると、突如として安定状態に移行するので、過剰の液体、または固体の析出がおこり、かなりの熱エネルギーの放出がおこる。実験室などでよくつくられるのはチオ硫酸ナトリウムの過飽和水溶液である。市販のハイポ(チオ硫酸ナトリウムの五水和物)を加熱すると、やがて結晶水の中に溶解してしまい、きわめて濃厚な溶液ができる。これを静かに室温に冷却しても、結晶の析出はない。つまり典型的な過飽和溶液がつくられるのである。これに結晶のかけらを投入すると、これが核となってただちに結晶が生成し、著しい量の熱を発生することがわかる。冷却した空気の中の水蒸気も過飽和になりやすく、高山の樹氷(霧氷)の生成もこれが原因で、樹枝の先端部が氷晶の核となって風上方向に成長がおこる。 溶液から結晶を生成させるときに、器壁をこすったり振動を与えたりするのは、過飽和となることをできるだけ回避するためである。準安定状態から安定状態へ移行させるための刺激を与えることに相当している。 [山崎 昶] 気象空気中の水蒸気圧が飽和水蒸気圧より大きくなっても凝結をおこさない状態をいう。大気中での凝結と飽和状態との関係は複雑で、未飽和で凝結がおこることもあれば、過飽和でなければ凝結がおこらないこともある。大気中には凝結核となる塵埃(じんあい)や塩類などの微粒子が多く含まれているので、イオンや水分子のみを凝結核とする場合のような著しい過飽和になることはないと考えてよい。 [股野宏志] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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