Wall - Kabe (English spelling) wall

Japanese: 壁 - かべ(英語表記)wall
Wall - Kabe (English spelling) wall

It is a general term for fixed partitions used around a building to separate the living space from the outside world and to divide that space appropriately according to the building's intended use; the former are called exterior walls and the latter partition walls. Note that the part up to about 90 cm above the ground or floor is sometimes called a waist-high wall, and the part above the window is sometimes called a small wall. Walls with exposed architectural materials such as pillars on the surface are called solid walls, and those without are called large walls.

Structurally, walls are divided into load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls. Load-bearing walls are essential in architectural structures and support the load of floors, roofs, and other structures, and their collapse leads to the immediate collapse of the entire building. Generally, masonry (stone, brick, block, etc.) and reinforced concrete walls with wall-type construction belong to this category. Non-load-bearing walls fill the gaps between the framework (skeleton) made of columns and beams, and in principle the framework bears the load (this type of structure is called a frame structure), so the collapse of a wall does not necessarily lead to the collapse of the entire building. All walls in wooden buildings in Japan (except for storehouse-style buildings) belong to this category, and steel-framed and ordinary reinforced concrete structures are also roughly equivalent. However, the more non-load-bearing walls there are, the more stable the building will ultimately be. Load-bearing walls that are installed specifically to resist earthquake forces are called earthquake-resistant walls. If such walls are installed effectively, it is possible to reduce the burden on columns, beams, etc. In high-rise buildings, walls surrounding elevator rooms, stairwells, etc. that run from the lowest floor to the highest floor are often used for this purpose.

Since load-bearing walls are required to bear loads, it is difficult to create wide openings (windows, entrances, etc.) that would reduce their strength. Non-load-bearing walls can be constructed freely, and in extreme cases, it is even possible to make the entire space between columns an opening. In areas with extreme heat or cold, windows are made relatively small to isolate the interior from the harsh outside air. Masonry construction based on the concept of load-bearing walls developed in such places, and this is why there are many buildings in Northern Europe and other places with prominent heavy walls made of brick or stone. However, in humid climates, where ventilation inside the building is important, a frame construction using non-load-bearing walls that allows for large windows is more appropriate. Masonry construction, which does not allow for both building strength and ventilation, is particularly inappropriate in places like Japan, where humidity is high and earthquakes occur frequently. It is for this reason that architecture in Japan, blessed with good quality forest resources, has remained limited to wooden frame construction, and it is also for the same reason that red brick architecture, which was actively introduced in the Meiji era as a symbol of modernization, has virtually ceased to be built since the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, and buildings that had previously used this type of structure have been replaced with reinforced concrete construction.It is said that, looking at the world as a whole, buildings with load-bearing walls are more prevalent in sclerophyll forest areas, while buildings with non-load-bearing walls are more prevalent in evergreen broad-leaved forest areas.

[Yamada Koichi]

Wall function and composition

It goes without saying that a load-bearing wall needs to be strong, but walls, including non-load-bearing walls, are also required to have the following functions: (1) blocking of line of sight, (2) fire resistance, (3) water resistance, (4) heat insulation, (5) sound insulation, (6) sound absorption, (7) resistance to destructive forces, etc. A good wall would have all of these functions, but in reality, such a wall is difficult to come by, so walls are constructed to have the necessary functions depending on the purpose of the building.

Of the above, types (1) and (2) are required for all buildings, but types (4) are used in areas with extreme heat or cold, while types (7) are particularly important in fortresses and warehouses. Walls that are appropriate for each type are used.

It is easier to understand the structure of a wall if you divide it into the wall surface and the wall body. The wall surface refers to the surface condition of the wall, while the wall body refers to all layers of the wall, including the surface. In masonry and concrete construction, the wall base may be used as the wall surface as is (such as red brick masonry and exposed concrete walls), but generally the wall surface is finished (decorated) with another material. In frame construction, the wall base is usually built using the building structure as the skeleton, and the wall material is then attached to it to create the wall body. However, instead of building a base, concrete blocks, bricks, ALC (acid-coated concrete) panels, PC (precast concrete) panels, etc. may be stacked up. It goes without saying that block masonry, etc., is treated as a non-load-bearing wall, even though it is masonry in form.

[Yamada Koichi]

Wall construction methods and materials

Plastering is the most widely used method of construction for walls throughout history, both in the East and the West, whether it is for constructing a wall base and constructing a wall body, or for applying decorative surfaces such as concrete. This is because even seemingly fragile specifications such as lamella-based earthen walls have sufficient strength as non-load-bearing walls or decorative walls, and they still have all the functions mentioned above, and so plastering has been used extensively in Japan since the ruins of Horyuji Temple. Plastering itself allows for a variety of finishes, but by selecting the right materials, the wall surface can be further decorated with murals, painting, spraying, tiles (including mosaic tiles), wall coverings (wallpaper and wallpaper), etc. In recent years, the accuracy of concrete forms has improved, so in some cases plastering is omitted and the wall can be painted or otherwise finished.

Dry materials such as wood or stone (including imitation stone) panels or various molded panels (plywood, synthetic resin panels, boards, metal panels, etc.) are attached to the wall base to create the wall structure, or concrete walls are sometimes used as decorative surfaces. These have the advantage that the construction period is shorter than plastering work, and it is easier to ensure a uniform finish. On the other hand, while dry materials may excel in certain specific functions, many of them have almost no other functions, and are not as versatile as plastering work. For example, metal panels may be beautiful as a decorative material, but they have almost no insulating or soundproofing properties, so they must be used as a composite material, at the very least, in combination with insulating materials.

[Yamada Koichi]

Special wall

There are walls for special purposes, such as (1) fireproof walls, (2) sound-absorbing walls, (3) light-transmitting walls, (4) acid-resistant walls, (5) corrosion-resistant walls, and (6) radiation-shielding walls. (1) is used in buildings that accommodate many people or buildings of a certain size or larger and require fireproof compartments, (2) in music rooms and other places where reverberation time needs to be adjusted, (3) in places that require light transmission unlike ordinary walls, (4) and (5) in places where medicines are handled, and (6) in places where radioactive materials are handled (medical institutions, nuclear power plants, etc.). Each type has a special structure suited to its purpose. For example, (1) is made of non-combustible materials throughout the entire wall, and if there is an opening, it must be able to be sealed at any time with a fire door, and the specifications are stipulated in the Building Standards Act.

The word kabe (wall) is also used in literary works as another name for a dream, combining the words 'nuru' (to paint) and 'neru' (to sleep). For example, 'In a sleepless dream, I gaze upon the past, and am overcome with dread' (Gosen Wakashu). The court lady's word 'okabe' (tofu) is another name for tofu, and is a paraphrase of tofu, which is a white wall.

[Yamada Koichi]

"Walls" by Koichi Yamada (1981, Hosei University Press)""Walls of Japan" edited by Koichi Yamada (1982, Jinjindo)

[Reference item] | Large wall | True wall
Structure of earthen walls (solid walls)
©Shogakukan ">

Structure of earthen walls (solid walls)

Structure of wooden walls
©Shogakukan ">

Structure of wooden walls

Concrete base wall structure
©Shogakukan ">

Concrete base wall structure

Steel frame wall structure
©Shogakukan ">

Steel frame wall structure


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

建物の周囲に用いて外界から居住空間を区画し、およびその空間を建物の使用目的に応じ適宜に分割する固定した仕切りの総称であり、前者を外壁、後者を間仕切り壁という。なお地盤または床面から高さ90センチメートル程度のところまでを腰壁、窓から上の部分を小壁(こかべ)とよぶことがある。また、壁面に柱などの建築部材の露出しているものを真壁(しんかべ)、そうでないものを大壁(おおかべ)という。

 壁は構造的に耐力壁と非耐力壁とに分かれる。耐力壁は建築構造上必要不可欠の部位として床、屋根その他の荷重を負担するもので、その崩壊はただちに建物全体の崩壊につながる。一般に組積式(石造、れんが造、ブロック造など)構造や壁式構造をもつ鉄筋コンクリート造の壁がこれに属する。非耐力壁は柱、梁(はり)などによって組まれた軸組(躯体(くたい))の間をふさぐもので、荷重は原則として軸組が負担する(このような構造を架構式という)ので、壁の崩壊はかならずしも建物全体の崩壊にはつながらない。わが国の木造建築(校倉(あぜくら)式のものを除く)の壁はすべてこれに属し、なお鉄骨造や普通の鉄筋コンクリート造でもおおむねこれに準じる。ただし非耐力壁であっても、これを多く設けたものほど結果的に安定した建物となる。耐力壁のうちとくに地震力に対抗する目的で設けられるものを耐震壁(へき)という。この壁を有効に設ければ、柱、梁などの負担を軽減することができる。高層建築において、最下階から最上階まで連続するエレベーター室、階段室などを囲む壁がしばしばその目的で活用される。

 耐力壁は荷重を負担するという性格上、強度の削減につながる広い開口(窓、出入口など)をつくることは困難である。非耐力壁ではそれが自由につくられ、極端な場合、柱と柱の間をすべて開口にとることすら可能である。酷熱または酷寒の地域では、厳しい外気から屋内を隔離するため、窓は比較的小さくつくられる。耐力壁的発想による組積式はこのような所に発達し、北欧などで、れんが造や石造による重厚な壁の目だつ建物の多いのはこの理由による。しかし多湿の風土では、屋内の通風が重視されるから、窓を大きくとれる非耐力壁を用いる架構式のほうが適している。とくにわが国のように多湿に加えて地震の頻発するような所では、建物強度と通風の両立しない組積式は不適当である。良質の森林資源に恵まれていたわが国の建築が木造架構式に終始してきたのもそのためで、明治時代、文明開化の象徴として積極的に導入された赤れんが建築が関東大震災(1923)以来、事実上建てられなくなり、それまでこの種の構造をとっていた建物が鉄筋コンクリート造に置き換えられていったのも同じ理由による。なお世界的にみれば、硬葉樹林地帯では耐力壁をもつ建物が、照葉樹林地帯に非耐力壁をもつ建物が、それぞれ多く分布しているといわれる。

[山田幸一]

壁の機能と構成

耐力壁において強度の必要なことはいうまでもないが、非耐力壁をも含めて壁にはなお次のような機能が要求される。(1)視線の遮断、(2)耐火、(3)耐水、(4)断熱、(5)遮音、(6)吸音、(7)破壊力に対する抵抗、などである。これら諸機能をすべて具備するものが優れた壁であるが、現実にはそのようなものは得がたく、建物の目的に応じて必要な機能をもつ壁がつくられる。

 以上のうち(1)(2)はあらゆる建物に要求されるが、たとえば酷熱、酷寒の地域では(4)が、城塞(じょうさい)や倉庫では(7)がとくに重視されるなど、それぞれに適合した壁が用いられる。

 壁の構成は壁面と壁体に分けて考えると理解しやすい。壁面とは壁の表面の状態をいい、壁体とは表面を含めた壁の全層をいう。組積式構造やコンクリート造では壁体の素地をそのまま壁面とするものもあるが(赤れんが積みやコンクリート打放しの壁がこれにあたる)、一般には別の材料で壁面に仕上げ(化粧)を施すことが多い。架構式では躯体を骨格として壁下地を組み、それに壁材料を取り付けて壁体をつくるのが普通である。しかし下地を組むかわりにコンクリートブロック、れんが、ALC(発泡コンクリート)版、PC(プレキャストコンクリート)版などを積み上げることもある。ここでのブロック積みなどは、形は組積式であっても、非耐力壁として扱われることはいうまでもない。

[山田幸一]

壁工法と材料

左官工事は、壁下地を組み壁体を構成する場合でも、コンクリートなどの素地を化粧する場合でも、古今東西を通じて壁の構成にもっとも広く採用されてきた工法である。それは、小舞(こまい)下地土壁のように一見もろく弱い仕様でも、非耐力壁ないし化粧用としては十分な力をもち、なお前述の諸機能をひととおり備えているからで、日本でも法隆寺遺構以来現在まで豊富に用いられてきた。左官工事は、それ自身多様な仕上げが可能であるが、なお材料を選ぶことによって、さらにその壁面を下地として壁画、塗装、吹付け、タイル(モザイクタイルを含む)、壁装(壁紙やクロス張り)などの化粧を施せる。また近年はコンクリート型枠の精度が向上しているので、その壁面に左官工事を省略して塗装以下の仕上げを行うこともある。

 壁下地に木や石(擬石を含む)の板あるいは各種成型板(合板、合成樹脂板、ボード、金属板など)などの乾式材を取り付け壁体をつくり、あるいはコンクリート壁面などを化粧することもある。これらは左官工事に比べて工期が早く、かつ仕上げの均一性を確保しやすい利点がある。反面、乾式材はある特定の機能に対しては優れていても、他の機能をほとんどもたないものが多く、左官工事ほどの汎用(はんよう)性はない。たとえば、金属板は化粧材としての美しさはあっても断熱性や遮音性はないに等しく、少なくとも断熱材を併用した複合材料として用いなければならない。

[山田幸一]

特殊な壁

(1)防火壁、(2)吸音壁、(3)透光壁、(4)耐酸壁、(5)耐食壁、(6)放射線遮蔽(しゃへい)壁など、特殊な用途にあてられる壁がある。(1)は多人数を収容する建物または一定規模以上の建物で防火区画を必要とするところに、(2)は奏楽室などで残響時間の調整を必要とするところに、(3)は一般の壁とは異なり光の透過を必要とするところに、(4)(5)は薬品を扱うところに、(6)は放射性物質を扱うところ(医療機関や原子力発電所など)に、それぞれ用いられるもので、いずれもその目的に見合った特殊な構成となる。たとえば(1)は壁体全層を不燃材料で構成し、もし開口をとる場合は防火戸で随時密閉できるようにしておかなければならず、その仕様は建築基準法に規定されている。

 壁という語は、また文芸作品で「塗る」と「寝る」をかけて夢の異称として用いられることもある。例「ねぬ夢にむかしのかへを見つるよりうつゝにものそかなしかりけり」(『後撰(ごせん)和歌集』)。また女房詞(ことば)の「おかべ」は豆腐の異称で、豆腐を白壁に見立てて、いいかえたものである。

[山田幸一]

『山田幸一著『壁』(1981・法政大学出版局)』『山田幸一編『日本の壁』(1982・駸々堂)』

[参照項目] | 大壁 | 真壁
土壁(真壁)の構造
©Shogakukan">

土壁(真壁)の構造

板壁の構造
©Shogakukan">

板壁の構造

コンクリート下地壁の構造
©Shogakukan">

コンクリート下地壁の構造

鉄骨下地壁の構造
©Shogakukan">

鉄骨下地壁の構造


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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