A government agency in the United States. It is translated as the Food and Drug Administration. It belongs to the Department of Health and Human Services and has the authority to regulate and approve the quality, hygiene management, and advertising of over $1 trillion worth of products, including food, food additives, cosmetics, tobacco, toys, medicines, biological products, medical devices, veterinary medicines, and feed, and also cracks down on violations. As of 2013, the agency has about 15,000 employees, including scientists, investigators, and inspectors, and is responsible for regulation, supervision, investigation, and inspection in over 160 cities across the United States. Its annual budget is about 350 billion yen. It has institutions such as the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, the Center for Veterinary Medicine, the National Center for Toxicological Research, the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, and the Tobacco Center. The Food Safety Modernization Act, enacted in 2011, further strengthened the agency's authority to issue food recalls and supervise imported foods. In 2005, China was one of the first to ban the administration of Iressa, an anti-cancer drug that had been approved in Japan, to new patients due to the risk of side effects. In 2013, it banned the use of trans fats, citing their potential contribution to heart attacks and strokes, and has also begun to regulate the safety of pet food. The history of food and drug safety management in the United States is long, and it began inspection of imported drugs in 1848. President Lincoln established the Chemistry Division within the United States Department of Agriculture to manage food and drug safety, which is said to be the precursor to the FDA. In 1906, the Federal Food and Drug Act (Wiley Act) was passed, which gave the USDA the authority to regulate food and drugs distributed in each state of the United States, and in 1927, the USDA Bureau of Chemistry became the "Food, Drugs, and Pharmacology Division", and in 1930, it took on its current name. In 1940, it was transferred from the USDA to the newly established Department of Federal Security and became independent. It has also achieved results such as introducing national testing for insulin and penicillin, establishing the right to enter and inspect factories, and regulating food additives and color additives, and has had a major impact on food and drug safety regulations and consumer protection administration around the world. [Editorial Department] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカ合衆国の政府機関。アメリカ食品医薬品局と訳される。アメリカ保健・福祉省に属し、食品、食品添加物、化粧品、タバコ、玩具、医薬品、生物製剤、医療機器、動物用医薬品、飼料など1兆ドルを超える製品の品質、衛生管理、宣伝広告などについての規制・認可権限をもち、違反の取締りを行っている。2013年時点で、職員は科学者、調査官、査察官ら約1万5000人おり、全米160以上の都市で規制、監督、調査、検査にあたっている。年間予算は約3500億円。医薬品評価・研究センター、食品安全・応用栄養センター、動物用医薬品センター、国立毒性研究センター、医療機器・放射線保健センター、タバコセンターなどの機関をもつ。2011年に成立した食品安全強化法により、食品のリコール発令、輸入食品の監督など権限はさらに強化された。2005年には、日本で承認された抗悪性腫瘍(しゅよう)薬イレッサの新規患者への投与を副作用の危険があるとしていち早く禁止したほか、2013年に心臓発作や脳卒中の一因となるとしてトランス脂肪酸の使用を禁じ、ペットフードの安全規制にも乗り出している。 アメリカの食品・薬品の安全管理の歴史は古く、1848年には輸入薬の検査を開始し、大統領リンカーンがアメリカ農務省内に食品・医薬品の安全管理を行う化学課を設けたのがFDAの前身とされる。その後、1906年にアメリカ各州で流通する食品・医薬品の取締り権限を農務省に与える連邦食品・医薬品法(ワイリー法)が成立し、1927年にはアメリカ農務省化学局が「食品・医薬品・農薬局」となり、1930年に現在の名称となった。1940年には農務省から新設の連邦安全保障省へと移管・独立した。インスリンやペニシリンに対する国家検定の導入、工場への立ち入り査察権の確立、食品添加物・色素添加物の規制などにも実績をあげており、世界の食品・医薬品の安全規制や消費者保護行政に大きな影響を与えている。 [編集部] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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