A genus of bacteria in the order Eubacteria. It is classified into the group of "gram-negative, aerobic rods or cocci." It is a chemoheterotrophic bacterium. It fixes atmospheric nitrogen under aerobic conditions. It is widely distributed in soil and water, and plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle in nature. The cell shape is pleomorphic and shows various forms, but it is relatively large, being rod-shaped or spherical, and most cells are 2 micrometers wide (1 micrometer is one millionth of a meter). Many species have flagella and are motile. It is peritrichous. It produces a large amount of polysaccharides outside the bacterial body, and forms a unique viscous colony on solid media. It forms characteristic dormant cells (cysts). Vegetative cells have another structure on the outside, and are resistant to drying but not to heat. Many cysts can often be seen when observing soil under a microscope. They do not encyst in normal culture. The optimum temperature for growth is 20 to 30°C, and the pH range for growth is 5.5 to 8.5, but the optimum pH for nitrogen fixation in soil is 7.0 to 7.5. This genus includes one species that lives in association with the roots of plants. In a broad sense, the term "Azotobacter" can refer to airborne nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live free in the soil. In addition to the Azotobacter genus, four other genera are known, and their nitrogen fixation characteristics are as follows: (1) Agromonas genus: fixes nitrogen in areas with low oxygen partial pressure; (2) Azomonas genus: fixes nitrogen in low pH ranges (4.6-4.8); (3) Beijerinckia genus: grows at 37°C and fixes nitrogen in tropical regions; (4) Derxia genus: can assimilate methane and other hydrocarbons as a carbon source, is found in tropical regions, and fixes nitrogen. [Masami Soneda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
細菌類、真正細菌目の1属名。「グラム陰性、好気性の桿菌(かんきん)または球菌」グループに分類される。化学合成従属栄養細菌。好気的条件下で空中窒素を固定する。広く土壌中、水中に分布し、自然界での窒素循環のうえで重要な役割を演ずる。細胞形状は多形態性で種々の形態を示すが、桿形ないし球形、多くの細胞の幅が2マイクロメートル(1マイクロメートルは100万分の1メートル)と、比較的大形である。多くの種類は鞭毛(べんもう)をもち運動性がある。周毛性である。多量の多糖体を菌体外に生産し、固形培地上では独特な粘質(ねんしつ)状の集落(コロニー)となる。特徴のある休眠細胞(シスト)を形成する。栄養細胞は外側にもう1層の構造体をもち、乾燥には耐性を示すが、熱には耐性がない。土壌を顕微鏡によって観察すると、しばしば多くのシストを見ることができる。通常の培養ではシスト化はしない。生育最適温度は20~30℃、生育可能な水素イオン濃度指数(pH)域は5.5~8.5であるが、土中での窒素固定の最適pHは7.0~7.5である。この属のなかには植物の根と共同して生活するものが1種含まれている。 広義には「アゾトバクター」の語が土壌中で遊離して生活を営む空中窒素固定菌をさす場合がある。アゾトバクター属以外に4属が知られており、窒素固定に関しての特徴をあげると次のようである。(1)アグロモナス属Agromonas 酸素分圧の低いところで窒素固定、(2)アゾモナス属Azomonas 低いpH(4.6~4.8)域で窒素固定、(3)ベイゼリンキア属Beijerinckia 37℃で生育、熱帯地方で窒素固定、(4)デルキシア属Derxia メタンなどの炭化水素を炭素源として同化可能、熱帯地方に分布し窒素を固定する。 [曽根田正己] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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