When the energy of a mechanical system is an integer multiple of a fundamental quantity, this fundamental quantity is called an energy quantum. Light is a typical example. If the frequency of light is ν, then the energy of light at this frequency is always an integer multiple of h ν ( h is Planck's constant) and never any other value. In this case, h ν, the fundamental quantity of energy, is the energy quantum ( E = h ν). For red light with a wavelength of 656 nanometers, the magnitude of h ν is about one trillionth of a trillionth of a joule (3 × 10 -19 joules). The energy of a quantum state often takes on discrete values. In the early stages of the establishment of quantum theory, Planck proposed that the energy of oscillators in the walls of a cavity in thermal equilibrium is an integer multiple of the energy quantum. Einstein then discovered the energy quantum h ν of light, both of which marked the beginning of quantum theory (see the section on zero-point energy). [Hajime Tanaka and Ikuyoshi Kato] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
力学系のエネルギーが基本量の整数倍になっている場合、この基本量をエネルギー量子という。光はその典型的な例である。光の振動数をνとすると、この振動数の光のエネルギーはつねにhν(hはプランク定数)の整数倍の大きさをとっており、他の値をとることはない。この場合エネルギーの基本量であるhνがエネルギー量子である(E=hν)。波長が656ナノメートルの赤色光の場合hνの大きさは、約1兆分の1のさらに1000億分の3ジュール(3×10-19ジュール)である。量子的状態のエネルギーはしばしばとびとびの値をとる。 量子論確立の初期に、プランクは、熱平衡にある空洞の壁の振動子のとるエネルギーがエネルギー量子の整数倍であると考えた。ついでアインシュタインは光のエネルギー量子hνをみいだし、いずれも量子論の端緒となった(零点エネルギーの項参照)。 [田中 一・加藤幾芳] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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