Women's liberation movement

Japanese: ウーマン・リブ(英語表記)Women's liberation movement
Women's liberation movement
A social movement that seeks equal rights for women and men, an equal status with men, and the freedom to choose one's own occupation and lifestyle. Also known as the feminist movement.
The idea of ​​women's rights dates back to the Enlightenment, when the ideas of liberalism, egalitarianism, and reformism were expanded from the bourgeoisie, peasants, and urban workers to women. The ideas of the early women's liberation movement were summarized in Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, published in England in 1792, which challenged the idea that women existed only to please men and advocated that women should have the same opportunities as men in education, work, and politics. However, the recognition of gender equality in the 19th century, which crystallized as the women's suffrage movement, did not fundamentally reevaluate women's social status, roles, and their place in the economy. In the second half of the 19th century, some women began to enter the workforce, and women as a whole almost gained the right to vote in the first half of the 20th century, but there were still clear restrictions on women's participation in the workplace, and the idea of ​​confining women to traditional roles such as wives, mothers, and housewives was widespread. As declining child numbers and the spread of household appliances freed women from much of the labor-intensive domestic work, the economic conditions that had relegated them to an inferior (or at least dependent) position began to change.
The development of the service industry in Western European society after World War II also contributed to the creation of new occupations in which women could work on an equal footing with men. All these factors combined to make more and more women realize that society's traditional view of women was not changing as rapidly as their real lives were. Furthermore, influenced by the civil rights movement in the United States in the 1960s, women began to try to achieve a better situation for themselves by using methods similar to the civil rights movement, such as public opinion and social criticism. Simone de Beauvoir's monumental work in modern feminism, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949), became a best-seller around the world and stirred feminist consciousness by proclaiming the idea that women's liberation also liberates men. Another important work was The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963 by American Betty N. Friedan. Friedan criticized stifling domesticity, which conditioned women to accept passive roles and depend on male domination.
In 1966, Friedan and other feminists founded the National Organization for Women (NOW). Soon after, women's groups calling for equal rights were established in the United States and other Western European countries. These groups sought to overturn laws and practices that placed women in an inferior position through discrimination in areas such as contracts, property rights, employment and wages, management of household finances, and sex and reproductive issues (such as contraception and abortion). More broadly, the feminist movement sought to change the widespread stereotypes that viewed women as relatively weak, passive, and dependent, and less rational and more emotional than men. Feminism sought to achieve greater freedom for women to be economically and psychologically independent of men for work, if they so wished. Feminists criticized the social pressure that forced women to become objects of sexual desire, sought to expand women's self-awareness and opportunities to the same extent as men, and sought to include women in all public life, including political decision-making.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
女性のために男性と平等な権利を求め,男性と対等の地位や自分自身で職業や生き方を選べる自由を獲得しようとする社会運動。フェミニズム運動とも呼ばれる。
女性の権利を求める考え方は啓蒙時代にさかのぼり,当時の自由主義,平等主義,改革主義の理念がブルジョアジーや農民,都市労働者から女性たちに拡大された。女性解放運動黎明期の理念は,1792年にイギリスで発行されたメアリー・ウルストンクラフトの『女性の権利の擁護』A Vindication of the Rights of Womanに網羅されており,女性は男性を喜ばせるためにのみ存在しているという考え方に挑むとともに,教育や仕事,政治において女性も男性と同じ機会を得ることが提唱されている。しかし 19世紀における男女平等の認識は,女性参政権運動として結晶したものの,女性たちの社会的立場や役割,経済に占めるその位置づけについて根本的な再評価を行なうものではなかった。19世紀後半になると,一部の女性たちが職業につくようになり,女性全体としても 20世紀前半には選挙権をほぼ獲得したが,女性の職場参加にはまだ明らかな制約があり,かつ女性たちを妻や母親,主婦といった伝統的な役割に押し込める考え方が一般的だった。やがて子供数の減少と家庭電化製品の普及によって労働集約的な家事労働の大半から女性が解放されるに従い,女性たちを劣った(少なくとも依存的な)立場に追いやっていた経済的条件は変化していった。
第2次世界大戦以降,西ヨーロッパ社会でサービス産業が発展したことも,女性が男性同様に就業できる新たな職種の誕生に寄与した。そうしたすべての要因が重なって,社会の伝統的な女性観は自分たちの現実生活ほど急激には変化しないことに気づく女性がますます増えていった。さらに,1960年代のアメリカ合衆国における公民権運動の影響を受け,女性たちは大衆への世論喚起や社会批判など公民権運動に似た方法で,みずからのためによりよい状況を獲得しようと努めるようになった。シモーヌ・ド・ボーボアールによる近代フェミニズムの記念碑的著書『第二の性』Le Deuxième Sexe(1949)は,世界中でベストセラーになり,女性解放は男性も解放するという理念を唱えることでフェミニズム意識をかきたてた。もう一つの重要な著作は,1963年にアメリカのベティ・N.フリーダンが発表した『新しい女性の創造』(原題『女らしさの神話』The Feminine Mystique)である。フリーダンは息のつまるような家庭生活──女性たちに受動的な役目を受容させ,男性支配に依存させるような条件づけ──を批判した。
1966年フリーダンはほかのフェミニストたちとともに全米女性組織 NOWを設立。その直後,アメリカをはじめとする西ヨーロッパ諸国で平等権を求める女性団体が続々と誕生した。こうした団体は,契約や財産権,雇用や給与,家計の管理,セックスや出産関連の問題(たとえば避妊や中絶)などをめぐる差別によって,女性たちを劣った立場に押し込めている法や慣行を覆そうとした。より広い観点に立てば,フェミニズム運動が変えようとしたのは,女性は相対的に弱く,受動的,依存的であり,男性ほど合理的でなく感情的だとみなす社会に行き渡ったステレオタイプであった。フェミニズムは,女性当人さえ望むなら,職業について経済的かつ心理的に男性に依存しないでいられるように,さらに大きな自由を獲得することを目指した。フェミニストたちは,性欲の対象になることを女性に強いる社会的圧力を批判し,男性と同程度まで女性たちの自意識や機会を拡張することを求め,政治的意志決定などあらゆる公的場面に女性たちを参加させることを目指す。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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