An academic society is an organization, group, or meeting of scholars for the purpose of academic research. The role of an academic society is to provide a forum for researchers to present their research and exchange information and opinions, and to publish the results in an official journal. This role ensures that the results of research presentations and discussions are communicated quickly and to a large number of people. The first academic society in Japan was the Meirokusha, founded in 1873 (Meiji 6) by Mori Arinori and others. The following year, in 1874, it launched its journal, Meiroku Zasshi. In 1875, Matsumoto Ryojun and several dozen others founded the Tokyo Medical Company, an organization that was a mix of what we would call today's medical society and physicians' association. In the same year, it launched its journal, Igaku Zasshi. However, it was not until 1877 that academic societies in the modern sense of the word, organizations for academic research in specialized fields, were founded with the founding of the Tokyo Mathematical Company (which was renamed the Tokyo Mathematical and Physical Society in 1884 and later became the parent organization of the Mathematical Society of Japan and the Physical Society of Japan), whose first president was Kanda Takahira. This marked the earliest time that a mathematics society was established among academic societies related to the natural sciences. Following these societies, other specialized societies were founded one after another. However, with the exception of the Law Society and the Philosophical Society, all of them were science-related societies. One of the things Japan can be proud of on the world stage is the Seismological Society of Japan, founded in 1880 (Meiji 13), which is the oldest seismological society in the world. Along with the founding of societies, the birth of academic journals also played an important role in introducing and spreading academic knowledge. Of these academic journals, only the Seismological Society of Japan published an annual report in English. Also, the Tohoku Mathematical Journal, which was founded and presided over by a Japanese (Hayashi Tsuruichi) and became a rare international publication for mathematics papers, appeared as early as 1911 (Meiji 44). In 1929 (Showa 4), the international cytology journal Cytologia, which was said to be one of the few biology journals in Japan, was published by Fujii Kenjiro and was a world-renowned journal. How each academic society has expanded and developed since its founding to the present can be seen by comparing the number of members at the time of its founding with the number of current members. Similarly, if we compare the increase in the number of academic societies founded every 10 years (or every 5 years for some cases) before and after World War II, we can see that many academic societies were founded after the war. Moreover, they were concentrated in the 50 years from 1946 (Showa 21) to 1996 (Heisei 8) after the war. According to the results of the "Survey of Academic Research Organizations" conducted by the Science Council of Japan Secretariat in 1995, there were 1,503 academic research organizations nationwide. Since then, the "Academic Society Directory 2007-9 Edition" (published in 2007) states that the number of academic research organizations increased to 1,767. Comparing 1995 with 2007, an increase of 264 academic research organizations has occurred in the 12 years. [Kazuo Nishine] "100 Year History of Science and Technology in Japan, Vol. 1" by Yuasa Mitsutomo (1980, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" ▽ "Meiji Cultural History, Volume 5: Academics" edited by Yajima Yuri and Nomura Kanetaro (1979, Hara Shobo)" ▽ "National Academic Association Directory" edited by the Science Council of Japan Secretariat (1981, Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance) " ▽ "National Academic Research Organization Directory" edited by the Japan Academic Cooperation Foundation (1996, Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance) " ▽ "Academic Society Directory 2007-2009 Edition" edited and published by the Japan Academic Cooperation Foundation (2007) [Reference items] | | | | | | | | | [Supplementary materials] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
学術研究を目的とした、学者の組織や団体あるいは会合のことをいう。学会の役割は、研究者に研究の発表、情報・意見の交換などの場を提供し、その成果を機関雑誌に発表することである。この役割によって研究発表、討論の成果が迅速にしかも多くの人々に伝達されることになる。 日本最初の学術団体としては、1873年(明治6)に森有礼(ありのり)らによって結成された明六社(めいろくしゃ)があげられる。そして、翌1874年に機関誌『明六雑誌』が創刊された。また、1875年松本良順(りょうじゅん)ら数十名によって今日でいう医学会と医師会とを混合したような団体、東京医学会社が結成された。同年、機関誌『医学雑誌』を創刊した。しかし、専門分野の学術研究のための団体という今日的意味での学会が登場したのは、1877年神田孝平(かんだたかひら)を初代社長とする東京数学会社(1884年に東京数学物理学会と改称。この学会が、後の日本数学会と日本物理学会の母体となった)の創立をもって嚆矢(こうし)とする。このことは、自然科学関係の学会のなかで数学部門の学会がもっとも早く開かれたことを告げるものであった。 これらの学会に続き、専門学会が次々と創立された。ただし、法学協会と哲学会以外はすべて理科系の学会である。日本が世界に誇ることのできるものに1880年(明治13)創立の日本地震学会があり、これは世界でも最古の地震学会である。 学会の創設とともに学会雑誌の誕生もまた学術の紹介普及のため重要な役割を果たした。これらの学会雑誌のなかで、英文の年報を出していたのは日本地震学会だけである。また、日本人(林鶴一(つるいち))が主宰し創刊した、世界的にも数の少ない国際的な数学論文の発表機関となった『東北数学雑誌』なども、すでに1911年(明治44)に現れている。1929年(昭和4)には、生物学関係でこれほど有名な世界的雑誌はわが国には他にほとんどないといわれた国際的な細胞学の雑誌『キトロギア』が藤井健次郎を中心に発行されている。 各学会が、創立時から現在までにいかに拡大発展したかということは創立時と現在との会員数を比較すれば明らかである。同様に、10年ごと(一部5年ごと)にみた学会の創立数から第二次世界大戦前と戦後の増加数を比較してみると、戦後に多くの学会が創立されたことがわかる。しかも、戦後の1946年(昭和21)から1996年(平成8)までの50年間に集中している。日本学術会議事務局が1995年に実施した「学術研究団体調査」の調査結果によると、全国で1503の学術研究団体があった。その後、『学会名鑑2007~9年版』(2007年刊)によると、1767の学術研究団体数とある。1995年と2007年を比べると、12年間に264の学術研究団体が増えたことになる。 [西根和雄] 『湯浅光朝著『日本の科学技術100年史 上』(1980・中央公論社)』▽『矢島祐利・野村兼太郎編『明治文化史第5巻 学術』(1979・原書房)』▽『日本学術会議事務局編『全国学協会総覧』(1981・大蔵省印刷局)』▽『財団法人日本学術協力財団編『全国学術研究団体総覧』(1996・大蔵省印刷局)』▽『財団法人日本学術協力財団編・刊『学会名鑑2007~9年版』(2007)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | [補完資料] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Bonito and tuna fishing boats
King of France (reigned 1547-1559). Son of Francis...
…A facility that allows traffic to cross, branch ...
…When nuclear reactions finally begin in the cent...
〘Noun〙 Shamisen music developed as an accompanimen...
A perennial plant of the Polygonaceae family (APG...
…Another name for nitrocellulose used in gunpowde...
…The Court of Appeal is the Misdemeanor Division....
Political reforms carried out by the shogunate and...
〘 noun 〙 A road used by the emperor and nobles. Re...
A strait leading to the Gulf of Aden at the southe...
The largest fishery company. It started as Hayashi...
A gorge in the upper reaches of the Kushida River ...
…[Takakura Tadahiro]. … *Some of the terminology ...
...This depression is thought to be a fault forma...
The name of the district east of the old town in t...