...The poisons applied to the tips of these weapons are mainly extracted from plants and animals. Representative examples include monkshood, which is used for bows and arrows by the Ainu, Chukchi, Gilyak, and other Northeast Asian peoples, as well as the Assam and Sikkim regions of the southeastern Himalayas; Ipoh poison (a plant of the Antialis or Strychnos genera) used by the Semang people, famous for their blowguns, and other peoples living in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi (Celebes), and the Philippines; Strophanthus plants used by peoples near the equator in Africa; and Curare poison (a plant of the Strychnos or Chonddrenth genera) used by peoples in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins in South America. Animal poisons are not as diverse as plant poisons and are sometimes used as a supplement, but extracts from poisonous animals are used. From "Poison Arrow"...The Greek word for bow and arrow is toxon, and its neutral adjective form, toxikon, was already used in ancient Greece to mean "poison arrow," indicating the long history of poison arrows (the German word toxikum, meaning "poison," also comes from this word). There are many types of poison used, but there are clear differences depending on the region. In South America, curare is used, and in Southeast Asia, hypo (also called hypo or upas), a milky sap of the mulberry family, Antiaris toxicaria , is used. In Africa, plants of the Apocynaceae family are the main ones, and tangin (also called cerbera tangin) is obtained from the seeds of Tanghinia venenifera , ouabain is obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and the bark and trunks of Acocanthera schimperi , cerbera is obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus hispidus , and calabar bean is the seed of Physostigma venenosum , a plant of the legume family closely related to wisteria. *Some of the terminology that mentions "Ipoh (poison)" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…これらの先端に塗られる毒はおもに植物や動物から抽出されたものである。アイヌをはじめチュクチ族,ギリヤーク族など東北アジア諸民族,およびヒマラヤ南東部のアッサム,シッキム地方の諸民族によって弓矢に使用されるトリカブト,吹矢で有名なセマン族をはじめマレー半島,ボルネオ,スラウェシ(セレベス),フィリピンに住む諸民族によって使われるイポー毒(アンティアリス属,ストリクノス属の植物),アフリカ赤道付近の諸民族に使われるストロファントゥス属の植物,南米のアマゾン川,オリノコ川流域諸民族のクラーレ毒(ストリクノス属,コンドデンドロン属の植物)などがその代表である。動物毒は植物毒ほど多様ではなく補助的に用いられることもあるが,有毒動物からの抽出液が使用される。… 【毒矢】より…ギリシア語では弓矢をトクソンtoxonというが,その中性の形容詞形トクシコンtoxikonは,すでに古代ギリシアにおいて〈矢毒〉の意味で用いられており,毒矢の歴史の古さを示している(ドイツ語で〈毒〉を意味するトクシクムToxikumも,この語に由来)。用いられる毒物の種類は多いが,地域によって明確な違いがあり,南アメリカではクラーレ,東南アジアではクワ科のAntiaris toxicariaの乳状の樹液イポー(ヒポー,ウパスとも呼ぶ)が用いられる。アフリカではキョウチクトウ科の植物が中心であり,Tanghinia veneniferaの種子から採るタンギン(ケルベラ・タンギンともいう),Strophanthus gratusの種子やAcocanthera schimperiなどの樹皮・樹幹から採るウワバイン,Strophanthus hispidusの種子から採るケルベラ,マメ科でフジに近縁のPhysostigma venenosumの種子であるカラバル豆などが用いられる。… ※「イポー(毒)」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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