…Listing defines topology as the study of the laws that govern the shape and position of points, lines, surfaces, and positions in space, separate from quantities and sizes. Even earlier, GWF Leibniz wrote in a letter to C. Huygens in 1679 that he thought it necessary to have a branch of analysis that deals directly with geometric positions, whereas algebra deals with quantities, and named this branch analysis situs, but did not mention any specific problems. The term analysis situs was in use for a long time until the early 20th century, but is no longer used today. … From [Geometry]…Topology is a branch of mathematics whose main purpose is to study such things. As the name suggests, this geometry deals with properties related to the position and form of figures, properties that depend only on the continuity of points. Topology was predicted by GW Leibniz under the name of analysis situs, but Euler was the first to give concrete results. These include his study of one-stroke drawing (1736) in relation to the problem of whether one can cross each of the seven bridges in the city of Königsberg once without repeating oneself and return to the original position, and his theorem (1752) that if the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of a convex polyhedron homeomorphic to a sphere are α 0 , α 1 , and α 2 respectively, then α 0 - α 1 + α 2 is always 2. … From [Topology]...The mathematics in which this structure is an issue in terms of content and method is sometimes broadly called topology, but it is usually more narrowly called topology, and refers to the mathematics that studies the properties related to the position and shape of figures, which depend only on the continuity of the points that make up the figures. Listing JBListing published his book "Vorstudien zur Topologie" in 1847 and used the word topology, but H. Poincaré, the actual founder of this mathematics, called this mathematics analysis situs (position analysis), and this word was used for a long time. The word topology became popular due to the influence of S. Lefschetz's book "Topology" (1930). ... *Some of the terminology that refers to "position analytics" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…リスティングはトポロジーを〈空間の中の点,線,面および位置について,量や大きさとは別の,形状,位置を示す法則を研究する学問〉と定義している。さらに古く,G.W.F.ライプニッツは1679年C.ホイヘンスにあてた手紙の中で〈代数学が量を扱うのに対し,直接に幾何学的な位置を扱う解析学の一つの分野が必要であると思う〉と述べ,この分野を位置解析学analysis situsと名付けたが,何一つ具体的問題にはふれていない。analysis situsという言葉は,20世紀初期まで長く通用していたが,今日この言葉は用いられない。… 【幾何学】より…トポロジーtopologyはこのような研究を主目的とする数学であって,位相幾何学と訳されているように,この幾何学では図形の位置や形相に関した性質で,点の連続性にのみ依存する性質が扱われる。位相幾何学は位置解析学analysis situsという名称でG.W.ライプニッツによって予見されていたが,具体的な業績はオイラーによって初めて与えられた。〈ケーニヒスベルクの街にある七つの橋をどれも一度ずつ重複なく渡って元の位置に戻れるか〉という問題に関連して行われた一筆書きの研究(1736)および〈球面と同相な凸多面体の頂点,辺,面の個数をそれぞれα0,α1,α2とするとき,α0-α1+α2はつねに2である〉という定理(1752)がそれである。… 【トポロジー】より…また,この構造が内容や方法上で問題となる数学のことを広くトポロジー(訳して位相数学)と呼ぶこともあるが,ふつうはもっと狭く,図形の位置や形状に関する性質で,図形を構成する点の連続性にのみ依存するものを研究の対象とする数学のことをトポロジー(訳して位相幾何学)と呼ぶ。リスティングJ.B.Listingは1847年に著書《Vorstudien zur Topologie》を出版し,トポロジーということばを使っているが,この数学の実質的創始者であるH.ポアンカレは,この数学をanalysis situs(位置解析学)と呼び,長らくこのことばが使われていた。トポロジーということばが普及したのはS.レフシェッツの著書《Topology》(1930)の影響が大きい。… ※「位置解析学」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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