Ikuta system - Ikuta system

Japanese: イクター制 - いくたーせい
Ikuta system - Ikuta system

This is the basic state system seen in Islamic dynasties from the mid-10th century onwards. It is also called the military iqta' system because villages and land were given exclusively to soldiers as allotments (iqa'). It began with the Buyid dynasty in Iraq, and the following Seljuk dynasty decided that iqta's would be awarded as compensation for military service. This system was passed down to the Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties, and even the Ottoman Empire (where it was called the Timar). Legally, the right to hold iqta was limited to the right to collect taxes, but in reality the holders controlled peasants and land quite arbitrarily. However, the ownership was not based on hereditary principles, and often lasted for only one generation, so soldiers did not develop a local, indigenous power.

[Tsugitaka Sato]

"The Islamic Feudal System" by Tsugitaka Sato (included in "Iwanami Lectures on World History 8" 1969, Iwanami Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

10世紀なかば以降のイスラム王朝にみられる基本的な国家制度。村落や土地が分与地(イクターiqa‘)としてもっぱら軍人に与えられたことから、軍事イクター制ともよばれる。イラクのブワイフ朝に始まり、次のセルジューク朝で軍事奉仕の代償として授与されることが定められ、これがアイユーブ朝やマムルーク朝、さらにはオスマン帝国(ティマルとよばれた)にまで受け継がれた。イクター保有権は法的には徴税権に限られていたが、現実の保有者は農民や土地をかなり恣意(しい)的に支配していた。しかしその保有は世襲を原則としていたわけではなく、一代限りのことも多かったから、軍人が地方に土着の権力を形成するまでには至らなかった。

[佐藤次高]

『佐藤次高著『イスラム封建制度論』(『岩波講座 世界歴史 8』所収・1969・岩波書店)』

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