Space medicine is an academic field that studies new environmental conditions that humans will encounter when they advance into space, as well as the associated health and treatment issues. Various issues have come to the forefront in space development, such as the impact of the space environment and the artificial environment there on humans, measures to deal with these, and problems that arise after returning to Earth. These are the subjects of research in space medicine, and the main areas are as follows: [1] Issues regarding the suitability of astronauts. [2] The effects on humans of linear acceleration at departure and deceleration during re-entry into the atmosphere and countermeasures. [3] The effects on humans of weightlessness and countermeasures. [4] The relationship between the day-night alternation and physiological rhythms. [5] Life science and ergonomics on spacecraft. [6] Issues regarding spacecraft safety, rescue, and evacuation. [7] The effects on humans of substances and their conditions in outer space and countermeasures. [8] Issues regarding perception during space flight. [9] Issues regarding the origin of life in space. [10] Issues regarding space sickness and countermeasures. [11] Issues regarding fatigue during activities inside spacecraft. [12] Issues related to activities outside spacecraft. [13] Issues regarding aftercare after returning to Earth. [14] Issues regarding the health management of astronauts. [15] Countermeasures against the phenomenon of loneliness in space. [16] Issues regarding human relationships in minority societies. There are various views on the objectives of space medicine, but they can be summarized as follows: (1) To study what factors affect humans and what measures should be considered to ensure safe operation in space when humans advance into space in the future, such as in space colonies, space factories, and space hospitals, and to realize space development. (2) To explore the origins of life in space and complete the history of mankind. Furthermore, to explore other life or civilizations that may exist in space and pursue problems in life sciences in space. (3) The ripple effects on Earth of the results of research and development in the field of space medicine. Of course, research and development is not conducted with this in mind, but it may be reasonable to consider this to be one of the objectives. The most important issue in the current space shuttle era is the relationship between weightlessness and humans. When humans are placed in weightlessness, they develop disuse atrophy, which can lead to a decline in cardiovascular function, muscle weakness, and decalcification of the bones, and can even cause space sickness similar to seasickness. How to prevent these problems is a major issue. The current state of space medicine is one in which preparations are being made to resolve these issues and ensure that human activities in space can be carried out without hindrance. [Masamitsu Ohshima] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
宇宙に人間が進出したとき遭遇する新しい環境条件の研究および対策、それに伴う保健・治療の問題などを研究する学問分野。宇宙環境およびそこでの人工環境が人間に与える影響、そしてそれに対する対策、地球に戻ってきてからの問題などいろいろな課題が宇宙開発のなかでクローズアップされてきた。それらが宇宙医学の研究対象であり、そのおもなものは次のようである。 〔1〕宇宙飛行士の適性の問題。〔2〕出発時の直線加速度、大気圏再突入時の減速度の人間に及ぼす影響と対策。〔3〕無重量状態の人間に及ぼす影響と対策。〔4〕昼夜の交代と生理的リズムとの関係。〔5〕宇宙機内における生活科学、人間工学。〔6〕宇宙機の安全、救難、救助の問題。〔7〕宇宙空間に存在する物質や、その状態などが人間に及ぼす影響と対策。〔8〕宇宙飛行中の知覚の問題。〔9〕宇宙における生命の起源の問題。〔10〕宇宙病の問題とその対策。〔11〕宇宙機内活動の際の疲労の問題。〔12〕宇宙機外活動にかかわる諸問題。〔13〕地球に戻ったあとのアフター・ケアの諸問題。〔14〕宇宙飛行士の健康管理の問題。〔15〕宇宙における孤独現象に対する対策。〔16〕少数社会における人間関係の問題。 宇宙医学の目的についてはさまざまな考え方があるが、次のようにまとめることができる。(1)将来、宇宙植民地、宇宙工場、宇宙病院など人間が宇宙に進出する場合に、宇宙において安全に活動できるように、どのような要因が人間に影響を与え、それに対してどのような対策を考えていくべきかを研究し、宇宙開発を実現させていくこと。(2)宇宙において生命の起源を探り、人類の歴史を完結させる。さらに存在するかもしれない宇宙における別の生命ないし文明を探査し、宇宙におけるライフサイエンスの問題を追究すること。(3)宇宙医学の分野で研究開発されたものの地球上への波及効果。もちろんそれを意識して研究開発をするものではないが、結果的にそうなることも目的の一つと考えてもよいのではなかろうか。 スペースシャトル時代の今日においてもっとも重要な課題は、無重量状態と人間との関係である。人間が無重量状態に置かれると、不活動性萎縮(いしゅく)をおこして、心臓循環機能の低下、筋力の低下、骨からの脱カルシウムなどがみられ、さらに船酔いに似た宇宙病を引き起こしたりする。これらをどのようにして防ぐかということが大きな問題となっている。これらを解決しつつ、宇宙での人間の活動が支障なく行われるように準備をしているというのが宇宙医学の現状であるといえよう。 [大島正光] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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