Ama - Woman Diving

Japanese: 海女 - あま
Ama - Woman Diving

Also written as ama. Fishermen who dive to collect fish, shellfish, and seaweed in the sea, and generally the characters ama and ama are used for women and men, respectively. The existence of diving fishing has been acknowledged since ancient times, and in documents such as the Kojiki, Nihon Shoki, Fudoki, and Manyoshu, they are written as ama, ama, ama, and ama. Their activities are also described in the Gishiwajinden. Historically, they existed as a tribe led by the Azumi clan, and are thought to have spread throughout the country, leaving place names such as ama and azumi. Currently, they are distributed across many regions, but they are often found in Iwate, Chiba, Shizuoka, Mie, and Tokushima on the Pacific coast, and in Niigata, Ishikawa, Fukui, and Nagasaki prefectures on the Sea of ​​Japan side, where ama no ura and ama no ura are mixed together. Famous places for ama include Minamiboso in Chiba Prefecture, Izu in Shizuoka Prefecture, Ise and Shima in Mie Prefecture, Oura in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Kanezaki (Munakata City) in Fukuoka Prefecture, Magari in Tsushima, Nagasaki Prefecture, Oshima in Fukui Prefecture, and Hegura Island in Ishikawa Prefecture, and most of them are female divers. Broadly speaking, there are more female divers north of the line connecting Chiba, Mie, and Nagasaki prefectures, and more ama divers south of it. As you go south, through Kagoshima, Amami, and Okinawa, female divers disappear altogether. Some scholars try to explain this general trend by the thickness of subcutaneous fat in women, which improves their cold resistance, but this is not yet clear.

Ama mainly collect shellfish such as abalone, turban shells, mussels, tokobushi, manako, and sea urchins, marine animals, and seaweed such as tengusa, egonori, wakame, and kombu. Female divers who dive for pearls are a new trend. Abalone has been prized since ancient times, and in the early modern period, dried abalone was exported overseas as one of the tawaramono (traditional goods). From around the 19th century, the demand for tengusa and egonori as ingredients for agar increased, and the number of female divers who collect tengusa in relatively shallow seas increased. Most female divers dive, but some ama divers dive, while others insert a slightly modified long stick into the sea from the boat to collect seaweed, or look into the sea with tools such as box glasses to poke abalone. In old books, the diving work is called "kazuki" and the women who do it are called "kazukime," but nowadays diving is usually called "moguru," "kadzuku," or "sumu." On the Boso Peninsula in Chiba Prefecture, one dive is called "hitoiki," and this "hitoiki" is repeated several dozen times over the course of about two hours before returning to the boat. This is called a "hitoori," a unit of work, during which the men hold onto the side of the boat to rest, catch their breath, and then dive again, repeating this strenuous labor. After "hitoori," they return to the boat or on land and build a fire to warm themselves. It is normal to perform "three dives" in one day.

A normal female diver dives 5-6 fathoms (9-11 meters) close to the shore, but skilled divers can dive as deep as 15-20 fathoms (27-36 meters), resulting in a larger catch. In the past, divers used only their bare eyes, which caused serious eye strain, but around 1897, they started using diving goggles. Nowadays, divers also use diving fins and wetsuits. Since divers' work requires time, they use various techniques for diving and surfacing. To speed up the descent, they attach stone or metal weights, and to speed up the ascent, a man (usually the husband) is on board the boat to help the diver rise by pulling on a rope called an "ikizuna" (breath rope) attached to the diver's waist. To remove abalone from the rocks, they use a flat, lever-shaped iron tool called an "isogane," "nasashi," or "nomi," which they wear around their waist when diving. In addition, many places use bags made of straw or ramie called "sukari" to store the harvested items.

Among the female divers who gather abalone, when they find a place where there are many abalones, they have a custom of granting each other exclusive rights to collect abalone, saying things like " so -and-so's hole," and refraining from collecting abalone. Sometimes the right is passed down from mother to daughter. Women participating in the fishing industry is a unique form in Japanese fishing, but the few abalone fishing methods are often reminiscent of old-fashioned fishing life. Currently, only female divers are known, but this is the result of the male ama (divers), who are the heads of the household, switching to other jobs, and it is thought that there used to be a lot of male diving. Male diving fisheries are common in southern China, Malay, and the Pacific region, but female divers are famous, and there are almost no other examples, except for the female divers on Jeju Island in Korea. The female divers on Jeju Island used to be active not only along the coast of the Korean Peninsula, but also along the Liaodong Peninsula, Primorsky Krai, Tsushima, and the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, and their techniques have many similarities with those of Japanese female divers.

[Takenori Noguchi]

The culture of Jeju's unique female divers was registered as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 2016 as "Jeju Female Diver Culture."

[Editorial Department, February 16, 2017]

"The Divers" by Segawa Kiyoko (1971, Miraisha)""The Tale of the Fishermen" by Miyamoto Tsuneichi (The Collected Works of Miyamoto Tsuneichi 20, 1975, Miraisha)""The Fishermen" by Sakurada Katsunori (The Collected Works of Sakurada Katsunori 2, 1980, Meishu Publishing)""The Divers - Cultural History of Things and Humans 73" by Tanabe Satoru (1993, Hosei University Press)

[Reference] | Fishing | Jeju Island

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

海士とも書く。潜水によって海中の魚貝類、海藻類をとる漁業者のことで、一般に女に海女、男に海士という字をあてる。潜水漁業の存在は相当古くから認められており、『古事記』『日本書紀』『風土記(ふどき)』『万葉集』などの文献においては、海人、海部、蜑、白水郎などの文字で記されている。また『魏志倭人伝(ぎしわじんでん)』にも、その活躍について述べられている。歴史的には、安曇(あずみ)氏を首長とする部民(べのたみ)として存在し、その後全国各地に広がったとみられ、海部、安曇などの地名を残している。現在の分布は多くの地方にまたがっているが、太平洋岸の岩手、千葉、静岡、三重、徳島、および日本海側の新潟、石川、福井、長崎の諸県に多くみられ、海女の浦と海士の浦とが混在している。あまが有名な場所としては、千葉県の南房総、静岡県の伊豆、三重県の伊勢(いせ)、志摩、山口県の大浦、福岡県の鐘崎(かねざき)(宗像(むなかた)市)、長崎県対馬(つしま)の曲(まがり)、福井県の雄島、石川県の舳倉(へぐら)島などであるが、多くは海女が主体となっている。大きくいって千葉、三重、長崎の各県を結ぶ線の北側では海女が多く、南側では海士が多い。鹿児島、奄美(あまみ)、沖縄と南にいくにつれて海女はまったくみられなくなってしまう。この一般的傾向を、女性の皮下脂肪の厚さによる耐寒性で説明しようとする学者もいるが、まだはっきりはしていない。

 あまは主として、アワビ、サザエ、イガイ、トコブシ、マナマコ、ウニなどの貝類や海産動物、テングサ、エゴノリ、ワカメ、コンブなどの海藻類を採取する。真珠取りの海女などは新しい傾向である。アワビは古代より珍重されており、近世に入ってからは干しアワビが俵物(たわらもの)の一つとして、海外に輸出されていた。19世紀ごろからは、寒天の材料としてテングサやエゴノリの需要を増し、比較的浅い海でテングサを採取する海女が増加した。ほとんどの海女は潜水を行うが、海士のほうは潜水をする者もあれば、船上からすこし細工をした長い棒を海中に差し入れて海藻をとったり、箱眼鏡などの道具を用いて海中をのぞきアワビを突くという所も多い。古書では、潜水作業のことを「かづき」、それをする女を「かづきめ」などとよんでいるが、現在は普通潜ることを「もぐる」「かづく」「すむ」などという。千葉県房総半島では、1回の潜水を「ひといき」とよび、この「ひといき」を2時間ばかりの間に数十回繰り返して船にあがる。これが一つの作業単位で「ひとおり」といい、その間は船べりにつかまって休み、呼吸を整えてからまた潜るという激しい労働を繰り返す。「ひとおり」が終わると、船や陸上にあがり、火をたいて身体を暖めるのである。1日に「三おり」するのが普通である。

 普通の海女は岸近い5~6尋(ひろ)(9~11メートル)まで潜るが、巧みな者は15~20尋(27~36メートル)も潜り、それだけ収獲も多い。以前は肉眼で潜ったので非常に目を痛めたが、明治30年ころからは潜水用の眼鏡を使用するようになった。また現在は潜水用の足ひれやウェットスーツなども使用されている。海女の仕事は寸秒を争うので、その潜水と浮上には種々のくふうがなされている。沈下を速めるために、石のおもりや金属の分銅をつけたり、浮上を速めるために船上に男子(多くは夫)がいて、海女の腰につけた「いきづな」(息綱)という綱をたぐって浮上を助けることなど、相当古くから行われていた。アワビを岩からはぐのに、扁平でてこ形の鉄製道具である「いそがね」「なさし」「のみ」などとよばれるものを使い、腰にさして潜る。また採取したものを入れるのに「すかり」などという藁(わら)や苧麻(ちょま)製の袋を用いる所が多い。

 磯物(いそもの)を採取する海女の仲間ではアワビの多い場所を発見すると「だれだれのあなだ」などといって採集の専用権を認め、採集を遠慮しあう習慣があり、母親から娘へその権利が譲られたこともあった。女が漁業に参加するということは、日本の漁業では特殊な形態に属するが、その数も少ないあま漁法には古風な漁労の生活を想起させるものが少なくない。また現在では、海女だけが有名であるが、これは一家の主人である男あま(海士)の他仕事への転化が相当行われた結果であり、男の潜水も以前は多かったと思われる。男子の潜水漁業は、中国南部、マレー、太平洋地域などにも多いが、女の潜水は韓国の済州島の海女が有名で、ほかにはほとんど例がみられない。済州島の海女は、以前は朝鮮半島沿岸はもちろん、遼東(りょうとう)半島、沿海州、対馬や日本海沿岸に進出しており、その技術は日本の海女との類似点が多い。

[野口武徳]

 なお、済州島特有の海女の文化は、2016年に「済州の海女文化」としてユネスコ(国連教育科学文化機関)の無形文化遺産に登録された。

[編集部 2017年2月16日]

『瀬川清子著『販女』(1971・未来社)』『宮本常一著『海人ものがたり』(『宮本常一著作集 20』1975・未来社)』『桜田勝徳著『漁人』(『桜田勝徳著作集 2』1980・名著出版)』『田辺悟著『海女――ものと人間の文化史 73』(1993・法政大学出版局)』

[参照項目] | 漁労 | 済州島

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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