Kerr effect

Japanese: カー効果 - かーこうか(英語表記)Kerr effect
Kerr effect

A type of interaction between an electromagnetic field and a material, discovered by J. Carr in 1875. There are electric and magnetic effects, but generally it refers to the electric effect. It is a quadratic electro-optic effect in which the refractive index of a material changes in proportion to the square of the electric field. Incidentally, the linear electro-optic effect, which is proportional to the electric field, is called the Pockels effect, and appears only in crystals that do not have central symmetry. When an ordinary material is placed in an electric field, an electric moment is induced in the constituent molecules, and the electric field that causes this changes the dielectric constant, or refractive index, in proportion to the square of the electric field. This is the Kerr effect. When an electric field is applied perpendicular to the direction of light propagation, the refractive index of the material differs between the polarized components of the electric vector of the light that are parallel to the electric field and the polarized components that are perpendicular to the electric field, resulting in birefringence. This phenomenon occurs very rapidly, so it can be used to create a high-speed optical shutter. This is called the Kerr cell. A cell containing a substance such as nitrobenzene or carbon disulfide is placed between a crossed polarizer and an analyzer, and an electric field is applied to the cell at a 45 degree angle to the polarization direction of the crossed polarizers. Without an electric field, light cannot pass through the crossed polarizers, but when an electric field is applied, birefringence occurs inside the cell for that period of time, so that the linearly polarized light created by the polarizer becomes elliptically polarized, some of which can pass through the analyzer. This is the principle behind an optical shutter. The phenomenon in which linearly polarized light changes to elliptically polarized light when reflected by the magnetic poles of a strong magnet is called the magnetic Kerr effect.

[Tatsutake Onaka and Masahide Ito]

“Introduction to Nonlinear Optics” by Toshiaki Hattori (2009, Shokabo)”

[Reference] | Kerr | Refractive index | Electric field | Vector | Polarization | Moment | Dielectric constant
Principle of the Electric Kerr Effect
©Takashi Aoki

Principle of the Electric Kerr Effect


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電磁場と物質の相互作用の一種で、J・カーにより1875年に発見された現象。電気効果と磁気効果があるが、一般には電気効果をさす。物質の屈折率が電界の作用でその2乗に比例して変化する二次電気光学効果をいう。ちなみに、電界(電場)に比例する一次電気光学効果はポッケルス効果とよばれ、中心対称性をもたない結晶においてのみ現れる。普通の物質でも電界の中に置かれると、構成分子に電気的モーメントが誘起され、それに原因となった電界が作用して、誘電率つまり屈折率が電界の2乗に比例して変化する。これがカー効果である。光の進行方向に対し電界が垂直にかけられていると、物質の屈折率は、光の電気ベクトルが電界に平行な偏光成分と垂直な偏光成分とで異なり、複屈折を生ずる。この現象は非常に急速におこるので、それを利用して高速光シャッターをつくることができる。これをカー・セルという。ニトロベンゼン、二硫化炭素のような物質を入れたセルを、直交させた偏光子と検光子の間に置き、セルにはこれらの偏光方向に対し角度45度の方向に電界を加える。電界がなければ、光は直交した偏光子を通り抜けることができないが、電界が加わると、その時間だけセルの中で複屈折がおこるので、偏光子でつくられた直線偏光の光は楕円(だえん)偏光となり、そのある部分は検光子を通り抜けることができる。これが光シャッターの原理である。なお、直線偏光を強力な磁石の磁極で反射させたとき、楕円偏光に変わる現象を磁気的カー効果という。

[尾中龍猛・伊藤雅英]

『服部利明著『非線形光学入門』(2009・裳華房)』

[参照項目] | カー | 屈折率 | 電場 | ベクトル | 偏光 | モーメント | 誘電率
電気的カー効果の原理
©青木 隆">

電気的カー効果の原理


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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