Hidden Christians are also called "Hanare (Christian)". In the early Edo period, the shogunate thoroughly suppressed the Christian sect and executed all Christian believers, but in Hirado Island and its surrounding areas, on the west coast of the Nishisonogi Peninsula (i.e., Sotome), Urakami and its surrounding areas, the Goto region (all in Nagasaki Prefecture), and the Amakusa region (Kumamoto Prefecture), there were many people who pretended to be Buddhists on the surface but secretly maintained the Christian faith that had been passed down from their ancestors, and also many people who believed in a kind of hybrid religion that was separate from Christianity (according to an investigation by the shogunate in 1805, the number of believers was more than 5,000). Even if it was only on the surface, becoming a member of a Buddhist temple and stepping on the fumie (a sacred scroll) to reject the Christian faith was strictly forbidden by the church and was against the teachings of Christ, so these people cannot be considered the same as the pure or true Christians who were martyred earlier. The Christian elements in the faith of these people vary considerably from region to region and from era to era, making it difficult to give a general name, but they are usually called "hidden Christians" or "latent Christians." Furthermore, after Catholic missionary work resumed at the end of the Edo period, many of these "Hidden Christians" became affiliated with the Catholic Church, and those who continued to hold on to their own traditional religion from their ancestors are referred to as "Hanare" by the Catholic Church. In recent years, the number of people who hold on to their own unique faith has rapidly decreased to about 30,000, but excellent research has been published on this unique group of believers and their faith from the standpoints of religious studies, folklore, and cultural anthropology. The hidden Christians are broadly divided into two groups; one centres its faith on the church calendar known as "Hikuri", and the other on "Nandogami". The former is found in Urakami, Sotome and Goto, the latter in Hirado and Ikitsuki. Both are organised, but the names of the positions vary slightly depending on the area. In the former, the highest leader is usually a person called a Chokata, who conveys the "Hikuri", calculates holidays according to the church calendar and informs believers of them, and the Mizukata baptises babies. In the latter, the Jiyaku (grandfather) baptises people, and the Gobanyaku (guardian) takes care of the Nandogami. In these regions, the strange beliefs of these people became a problem several times during the Edo period, with incidents occurring in what are known as the "Urakami First Assault" in 1790 (Kansei 2), the "Amakusa Heretical Sect Exposed" in 1805 (Bunka 2), and the "Urakami Second Assault" in 1842 (Tenpo 13). However, the magistrate's office considered these to be heretical sects and only admonished those arrested. [Takeichi Matsuda] [Registration as a World Heritage Site] In 2018, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) registered the "Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region" as a World Heritage Site (World Cultural Heritage). It consists of the following 12 component assets. "Sakitsu Village in Amakusa" (Amakusa City, Kumamoto Prefecture), "Hara Castle Ruins" (Minamishimabara City, Nagasaki Prefecture; all below are in Nagasaki Prefecture), "Hirado's Sacred Sites and Villages (Kasuga Village and Yasumandake)", "Hirado's Sacred Sites and Villages (Nakaenoshima Island)" (Hirado City), "Shitsu Village in Sotome", "Oono Village in Sotome", "Oura Cathedral" (Nagasaki City), "Kuroshima Village" (Sasebo City), "Remains of Nozaki Island Village" (Ojika Town), "Kashiragashima Village" (Shinkamigoto Town), "Hisakajima Village", "Egami Village on Narushima Island (Egami Cathedral and its Surroundings)" (Goto City). [Editorial Department, September 19, 2018] "Hidden Christians - History and Folklore" by Yakichi Kataoka (NHK Books) " "Hidden Christians in the Showa Period" by Koya Takita (1954, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science / 1978, Kokusho Kankokai) " "Hidden Christians" by Kiyoto Furuno (Shibundo, Japanese History Paperbacks) [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
潜伏キリシタン、また「はなれ(キリシタン)」ともいう。江戸時代の初期にキリシタン宗門は幕府によって徹底的に弾圧されたので、キリシタン信徒はすべて処刑されたが、平戸(ひらど)島とその付近、西彼杵(にしそのぎ)半島の西岸、すなわち外海(そとめ)、また浦上(うらかみ)とその付近、五島地方(以上長崎県)、天草(あまくさ)地方(熊本県)には、表面は仏教徒を装い、内心では祖先代々受け継いだキリシタン信仰を保持した人々、またキリスト教から離れた一種の混成宗教を信奉する人々がかなり大ぜいいた(1805年の幕府の取調べでは、信徒数5000人以上)。たとえ表向きとはいえ、仏寺の檀家(だんか)となり踏絵を踏んでキリシタン信仰を拒否することは、教会が厳禁したところであり、キリストの教えにも背くことであるから、これらの人々を、先に殉教した純粋なあるいは真のキリシタン信徒と同一にはみなしえない。これらの人々の信仰におけるキリスト教的要素は、地域的に、また年代的にもかなり異なっているから、総称するのは困難であるが、通常「隠れキリシタン」とか「潜伏キリシタン」とよんでいる。 また、幕末にカトリックの布教が再開されてから、それら「隠れキリシタン」の多くがカトリック教会に属するようになったので、その後もなお祖先からの独自の伝統的宗教を保持している人々を、カトリック教会では「はなれ」と称している。近年、そのような独自の信仰を保持している人々は急速に減少して約3万人といわれるが、宗教学、民俗学、文化人類学の立場から、この特異な信徒集団とその信仰に関して優れた研究が発表されている。 隠れキリシタンには大別して2系統があり、一つは「日繰り」といわれる教会暦を信仰の中心とし、他は「納戸神(なんどがみ)」を信仰の中心とする。前者は浦上、外海、五島、後者は平戸、生月(いきつき)方面である。いずれも組織化されているが、役職の名称は土地によって若干異なる。前者では普通、帳方(ちょうかた)といわれる者が最高の指導者で、「日繰り」を伝え、教会暦による祝日を割り出して信徒に伝え、水方(みずかた)が赤子に洗礼を授ける。後者では爺役(じいやく)が洗礼を授け、ご番役が納戸神を保管する。これらの地方では、江戸時代に幾度かその異様な信仰が問題とされ、1790年(寛政2)に「浦上一番崩れ」、1805年(文化2)に「天草異宗露見」、1842年(天保13)に「浦上二番崩れ」といわれる事件が生じたが、奉行所(ぶぎょうしょ)はこれを「異宗」とみなし、検挙者を説諭するにとどめた。 [松田毅一] 〔世界遺産の登録〕2018年(平成30)、ユネスコ(国連教育科学文化機関)により「長崎と天草地方の潜伏キリシタン関連遺産」が世界遺産の文化遺産に登録された(世界文化遺産)。以下の12件の構成資産からなる。「天草の﨑津(さきつ)集落」(熊本県天草市)、「原城跡」(長崎県南島原市。以下すべて長崎県)、「平戸の聖地と集落(春日集落と安満岳(やすまんだけ))」「平戸の聖地と集落(中江ノ島(なかえのしま))」(平戸市)、「外海の出津(しつ)集落」「外海の大野集落」「大浦天主堂」(長崎市)、「黒島の集落」(佐世保市)、「野崎島(のざきじま)の集落跡」(小値賀(おぢか)町)、「頭ヶ島(かしらがしま)の集落」(新上五島(しんかみごとう)町)、「久賀島(ひさかじま)の集落」「奈留島(なるしま)の江上集落(江上天主堂とその周辺)」(五島市)。 [編集部 2018年9月19日] 『片岡弥吉著『かくれキリシタン――歴史と民俗』(NHKブックス)』▽『田北耕也著『昭和時代の潜伏キリシタン』(1954・日本学術振興会/1978・国書刊行会)』▽『古野清人著『隠れキリシタン』(至文堂・日本歴史新書)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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