Cornea - English spelling: cornea

Japanese: 角膜 - かくまく(英語表記)cornea
Cornea - English spelling: cornea

Commonly called the "black eye," the cornea is a strong tissue that maintains the shape of the eyeball along with the sclera, and is also the most transparent tissue in the eyeball with the greatest refractive power. There are no blood vessels in the cornea, and collagen fibers are regularly arranged in each direction. Most of the nutrients are supplied from the aqueous humor. The surface of the cornea is smooth and is always covered with tears about 6 micrometers thick. The cornea is very sensitive and is controlled by the trigeminal nerve. Therefore, a defense mechanism works even against the slightest stimuli or foreign objects, and in such cases, the eyelids are reflexively closed and a large amount of tears comes out. This reflex is called the corneal reflex. If there is no corneal astigmatism, the surface of the cornea should be part of a sphere, but everyone has a slightly different degree of curvature (curvature), and differences in the radius of curvature can be seen. A machine that measures the radius of curvature and refractive power of the cornea at each principal meridian is called a keratometer, and is especially essential for contact lens prescriptions.

There are various diseases of the cornea. People may be born with a cornea that is too small, too large, or opaque. Furthermore, there are diseases whose symptoms only appear after a certain age. For example, in keratoconus, the central part of the cornea of ​​both eyes begins to protrude at roughly the same time from around the age of 10. The apex of the protrusion becomes thinner, and if the condition progresses further, it may burst. When the symptoms are not severe, vision can be corrected with contact lenses, but when the opacity becomes severe or the protrusion is so severe that wearing contact lenses is no longer possible, there is no treatment other than a corneal transplant. In addition, the cornea may become infected with a virus or bacteria, leaving it cloudy. In such cases, treatment is with antiviral agents or antibiotics, but if the opacity remains, a corneal transplant is still required.

[Akira Nakajima]

[References] | Corneal transplant | Keratitis | Corneal opacity | Sclera | Contact lenses
Eye structure
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Eye structure


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に「くろめ」とよばれ、強膜とともに眼球の形態を保つための強い組織であり、また眼球のなかでももっとも大きい屈折力をもった透明な組織でもある。角膜には血管は存在せず、コラーゲン線維が各方向に規則正しく配列しており、栄養はほとんどが前房水から供給されている。角膜の表面は平滑で、つねに厚さが6マイクロメートルくらいの涙液で覆われている。角膜の知覚は非常に敏感で、三叉(さんさ)神経の支配を受けている。したがって、わずかな刺激や異物に対しても防御機構が働き、そのようなときは、まず反射的に眼瞼(がんけん)を閉じ、さらに多量の涙液が出てくる。このような反射を角膜反射という。角膜の表面は、角膜乱視がなければ球面の一部のはずであるが、だれでも多少彎曲(わんきょく)の度合い(曲率)が異なり、曲率半径の差が認められる。この角膜の各主径線における曲率半径および屈折力を計測する機械が角膜計とよばれるもので、とくにコンタクトレンズの処方には欠かせない。

 角膜にも種々の疾患がある。生まれつき角膜が小さすぎたり大きすぎたり、また混濁していることもある。さらに、ある年齢になってから症状の出現してくる病気もある。たとえば円錐角膜(えんすいかくまく)では、10歳代くらいからほぼ時期を同じくして両眼の角膜中央部が突出してくる。突出した頂点は薄くなり、症状がさらに進行すると破裂してしまうこともある。症状のあまり強くないときはコンタクトレンズでの視力矯正が可能であるが、混濁が強くなったり突出があまり強くてコンタクトレンズ装用が不可能になったら、角膜移植を行う以外には治療法がない。このほか、角膜にウイルスや細菌の感染をおこして角膜の混濁を残すこともある。このような場合は抗ウイルス剤や抗生物質で治療するが、混濁が残ればやはり角膜移植を行う。

[中島 章]

[参照項目] | 角膜移植 | 角膜炎 | 角膜混濁 | 強膜 | コンタクトレンズ
目の構造
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目の構造


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