Agenda 21 - Agenda 21 (English)

Japanese: アジェンダ21 - あじぇんだにじゅういち(英語表記)Agenda 21
Agenda 21 - Agenda 21 (English)

This is an action plan for the 21st century that was adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, Earth Summit) held in 1992. It was intended to put into practice the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, which was adopted at the same time. It is a lengthy document consisting of 40 chapters in four parts: social and economic aspects, conservation and management of resources for development, strengthening the role of major groups, and means of implementation. However, issues remain, such as securing funds to implement it, methods of operation, and coordination with related treaties.

Prior to Agenda 21, many similar declarations and action plans had been adopted, including the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment adopted at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, but none of them were fully implemented.
(1) Raise the understanding and awareness of all stakeholders, including the general public, in order to reflect this in domestic policies.
(2) Emphasis is placed on international review of its implementation status and on its improvement.

To achieve (1), each country was required to develop and submit its own version of Agenda 21 with the participation of its citizens, and in response, each country developed and published a National Agenda 21. In Japan, the draft version was also published and comments were widely sought from the public, which were then used as a reference for revisions, and the "Agenda 21 Action Plan" was finally submitted in 1993 (Heisei 5). Meanwhile, the development of local government versions is also encouraged, and many local governments, especially in developed countries, have developed Local Agenda 21. In Japan, at the urging of the Ministry of the Environment (formerly the Environment Agency), major local governments have developed "Local Agenda 21" or local agendas that are incorporated into the Basic Environmental Plan under their respective Basic Environmental Ordinances.

Regarding (2), the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was established as a sub-organization of the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 1993, and has been working on the issue. In particular, the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) held in 1997, five years after UNCED, comprehensively reviewed the implementation status of Agenda 21 and adopted the Supplementary Plan of Implementation of Agenda 21, which outlined future priorities. However, the existence of unsustainable development and the resulting increased threat to the environment were pointed out, and it was once again shown that it is difficult to ensure sustainable development. Ten years later, in 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, but the situation has not changed much. Amidst the conspicuous global instability in the economic, financial, and political aspects, Rio+20 was held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012, 20 years later.

[Hiroshi Isozaki]

"Agenda 21" by the Environment Agency (1993, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center)""Collection of Documents from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, compiled by the Planning Division of the Global Environment Department of the Environment Agency and supervised by the Global Environment Office of the Economic Affairs Division of the United Nations Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1993, Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance) " ▽ "For a Healthy Earth: Strategies for the Transition to the 21st Century, by Ignatius Sachs, supervised translation by Shigeto Tsuru (1994, Simul Publishing Co.)""Agenda 21 Implementation Plan ('97): A Plan for Further Implementation of Agenda 21," compiled by the Editorial Department of "Energy and the Environment," supervised translation by the Environment Agency and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1997, Energy Journal Co.)""Iwanami Lecture Series on Global Environmental Studies 10: Sustainable Social Systems," edited by Masaaki Naito et al. (1998, Iwanami Shoten)""Environmental Strategies in the Global Era: Aiming for Sustainable Global Development" by OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), translated by Akimasa Inoue and Miyuki Matsushima (1999, Sanshusha)""Citizen-led Environmental Policy" by Hideyuki Takahashi, Volumes 1 and 2 (2000, Kojinsha)

[References] | United Nations Conference on Environment and Development | United Nations Environment Programme | United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1992年に開かれた「環境と開発に関する国連会議」(UNCED、地球サミット)において採択された21世紀に向けての行動計画。同時に採択された「環境と開発に関するリオ宣言」を実行に移すためのものである。社会的・経済的側面、開発のための資源の保全と管理、主たるグループの役割の強化、実施手段の4部、全40章からなる長大な文書である。しかし、それを実施するための資金の確保や運用方法、関連条約との連携などは課題として残された。

 アジェンダ21以前にも、1972年の国連人間環境会議で採択されたストックホルム人間環境宣言をはじめとして多くの類似の宣言や行動計画が採択されてきたが、いずれも十分には実施されなかった。そのためアジェンダ21については、
(1)実際の国内施策に反映させるために各国の一般国民を含むすべての関係者の理解と認識を高めること
(2)その実施状況を国際的に検討し改善していくこと
が重視されている。

 (1)のためには、国民参加の下に各国版のアジェンダ21を策定し提出することが義務づけられ、これを受け各国はナショナルアジェンダ21を策定し公表した。日本においても、その草案の段階で公表して国民から広く意見を求め、それらを参考に修正が行われ、最終的に1993年(平成5)に地球環境保全に関する関係閣僚会議で決定された「アジェンダ21行動計画」が提出された。他方、地方自治体版の策定も奨励されており、先進諸国を中心に多くの地方自治体がローカルアジェンダ21を策定している。日本においても、環境省(旧環境庁)の呼びかけにより、おもな地方自治体は「ローカルアジェンダ21」、またはそれぞれの環境基本条例の下で環境基本計画のなかに組み入れる形のローカルアジェンダを策定している。

 (2)については、1993年に国連経済社会理事会の下部組織として「持続可能な開発委員会(CSD=Commission on Sustainable Development)」が設置され、検討作業が進められている。とくに、UNCEDから5年後の1997年に開かれた国連環境開発特別総会(UNGASS(アンガス)=United Nations General Assembly Special Session)では、アジェンダ21の実施状況が総合的に検討され、今後の優先課題を示す「アジェンダ21の補足実施計画」が採択された。しかし、持続可能でない開発の存在とそれによる環境への脅威の増大が指摘され、持続可能な開発の確保が困難であることが改めて示された。また10年後にあたる2002年には「持続可能な開発に関する世界サミット」(WSSD=World Summit on Sustainable Development、ヨハネスバーグ会議)が南アフリカ共和国のヨハネスバーグで開かれたが、状況はあまり変わっていない。経済、金融、政治各側面での世界的な不安定さが目だつなかで、20年後にあたる2012年6月にはリオプラス20がリオ・デ・ジャネイロで開かれた。

[磯崎博司]

『環境庁著『アジェンダ21』(1993・海外環境協力センター)』『環境庁地球環境部企画課編・外務省国際連合局経済課地球環境室監修『国連環境開発会議資料集』(1993・大蔵省印刷局)』『イグナチ・サックス著、都留重人監訳『健全な地球のために――21世紀へ向けての移行の戦略』(1994・サイマル出版会)』『「エネルギーと環境」編集部編、環境庁・外務省監訳『アジェンダ21実施計画('97)――アジェンダ21の一層の実施のための計画』(1997・エネルギージャーナル社)』『内藤正明ほか編『岩波講座 地球環境学10 持続可能な社会システム』(1998・岩波書店)』『OECD(経済協力開発機構)著、井上昭正・松嶋美由紀訳『グローバル時代の環境戦略――持続可能な世界の発展をめざして』(1999・三修社)』『高橋秀行著『市民主体の環境政策』上下(2000・公人社)』

[参照項目] | 環境と開発に関する国連会議 | 国連環境計画 | 国連人間環境会議

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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