Crimes committed with the belief that one has a duty to act based on moral, religious, or political convictions. This concept of conviction was proposed by the German legal philosopher Gustav Radbruch (1878-1949) and is widely adopted in Germany and Japan. In particular, political criminals who break prohibitions based on their own political convictions are the central issue of conviction. Regarding the issue of how convictions, including political criminals, should be treated under the criminal law, there have been arguments that convictions should be distinguished from ordinary criminals and given the privilege of "honor detention," or that in cases where a distinction is made between imprisonment and incarceration as in Japan, convictions are not shameful crimes and should be punished with imprisonment. In addition, with regard to convictions, especially political criminals, the international practice of "non-extradition of political criminals" is recognized as a rule regarding the extradition of fugitive criminals under international law. Since the legal treatment differs depending on whether a crime is committed with knowledge or not, there is strong criticism that the concept of a crime with knowledge should be understood objectively from a legal or social perspective, rather than being based solely on subjective motivations such as the perpetrator's conviction or belief, as Radbruch does. [Tetsuro Nawa] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
道徳上、宗教上、政治上の確信に基づき、自ら行為をすべき義務ありとの信念により行われる犯罪。このような確信犯の概念はドイツの法哲学者ラートブルフGustav Radbruch(1878―1949)の提唱により、ドイツや日本でも広く採用されている。とくに、自らの政治的確信に基づき、あえて禁令を犯す政治犯が確信犯の中心的な問題となる。政治犯を含む確信犯を刑法上どのように扱うべきかという問題をめぐって、従来から、確信犯に対しては、通常の犯罪者と区別して「名誉拘禁」の特典を認めるべきであるとか、日本のように懲役と禁錮とを区別する場合には、確信犯は非破廉恥な犯罪であるから、禁錮刑を科すべきである、といった考え方が主張されている。また、確信犯のうち、とくに政治犯については、国際法上、逃亡犯罪人の引渡しに関し、国際慣行として「政治犯人不引渡しの原則」が認められている。このように、確信犯か否かにより法律上の取扱いが異なる以上、確信犯の概念は、ラートブルフのように行為者の確信や信念といった主観的動機のみを基本とするのではなく、法的または社会的な観点から客観的に把握すべきであるという批判も強い。 [名和鐵郎] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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