Keratosis - keratosis

Japanese: 角化症 - かくかしょう
Keratosis - keratosis
The outermost layer of the skin is covered with a hard layer called the stratum corneum. When this layer becomes abnormally thick, it is called keratosis.
Normal skin keratin is not clearly visible to the naked eye, but when it thickens it appears as flaky scales (think of the peeling skin that comes off after dandruff or sunburn). Powdery scales are called pityriasis (meaning rice bran). When the keratin thickens further, it cracks and looks like fish scales. This is ichthyosis.
In rare cases, the area may become hard and bumpy, like moss growing on the skin (lichen).
The palms of the hands and the soles of the feet are naturally thick with keratin, but the keratosis that develops in these areas is harder than the skin on the heels. This is a callus.
Skin diseases such as eczema, athlete's foot, and warts also cause the stratum corneum to thicken. These are caused by allergies, mold, and viruses, respectively, but are not called keratosis.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
皮膚のいちばん外側は角質(かくしつ)という硬い層でおおわれています。これが異常に厚くなった状態を角化症(角皮症(かくひしょう))と呼びます。
 正常な皮膚の角質は肉眼ではっきり見えるものではありませんが、厚くなるとかさついた鱗屑(りんせつ)(ふけや日焼けしたあとにむけてくる薄皮を連想してください)としてみられます。粉をふいたような鱗屑を粃糠疹(ひこうしん)(米ぬかの意)と呼びます。角質がさらに厚くなると、亀裂(きれつ)ができ、魚のウロコのように見えます。これが魚鱗癬(ぎょりんせん)です。
 特殊な例ですが、ぶつぶつとこけが生えたように硬くなるものもあります(苔癬(たいせん))。
 手のひらや足の裏はもともと角質が厚いのですが、このような場所にできる角化症は踵(かかと)の皮膚より硬くなります。これが胼胝腫(べんちしゅ)(たこ(「たこ(胼胝腫)」))です。
 湿疹(しっしん)、みずむし、いぼなどの皮膚病でも角質は厚くなります。それぞれアレルギー、かび、ウイルスが原因ですが、これらは角化症とは呼ばれません。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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