Flower vase - Persimmon

Japanese: 花器 - かき
Flower vase - Persimmon

A vessel for arranging flowers. The custom of displaying flowers can be seen in the Manyoshu and other works, but there is no mention of a flower vase. The Pillow Book shows a cherry blossom branch being placed in a large celadon vase that was imported from China. The Choju Jinbutsu Giga, said to be the work of Toba Sojo in the 12th century, shows Saru Sojo offering flowers to the Frog Buddha in a vase. The Kasuga Gongen Reigenki, compiled in the early 14th century, also shows a picture of a flowering tree placed in a vase. The Bokki Ekotoba, compiled slightly later, also shows a picture of a flowering tree placed in a vase, with a candlestick and an incense burner placed on either side. This style is called Mitsugusoku (three articles of furniture), and is an application of the Buddhist altar offering method to decorations for various occasions. All of these vases are presumed to be porcelain imported from China. The Kundaikansochoki (Kundai Kansochoki), compiled in the mid-15th century, is famous as a record of interior decorations by the aides of the Muromachi period Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa. It specifically mentions flower vases, and divides them into celadon and bronze. Both were imported from China. In China, the trend of decorating interiors with flowers became popular from the Song dynasty, and there were jade and bronze vases modeled on ritual vessels from the Yin and Zhou dynasties, as well as porcelain vases produced at Yi kilns, Jun kilns, and Longquan kilns. When the flower ceremonies known as Tanabata Horaku became popular at the end of the Muromachi period, the use of Chinese flower vases in Japan became more active. Bronze was at its peak, followed by silver and porcelain bottles. In the Ming Dynasty's "Pinghuapu" (Ping and Flower Book), Zhang Qiande wrote that bronze vessels should be used in spring and winter, and porcelain vessels in autumn and summer. Many in Japan followed this example, but cloisonné vessels and glass vessels were also used.

While these Chinese-style vases were being used, Osawa Hisamori, a member of the nobility's staff, and others tried to repurpose everyday items such as rice containers and horse washbasins, and considered the use of Japanese items in contrast to Chinese items. This lineage eventually led to Sen no Rikyu and others who perfected the soan-style wabi tea ceremony, which promoted the trend of using bamboo tubes, bamboo baskets, fukube, Bizen and Shigaraki pottery as vases for flowers in the tea room, which eventually gave rise to the Ikebana style, and from the mid-17th century we began to see the development of various Japanese-style vases. As Ikebana became established as an art of interior decoration and as handicrafts developed in the Edo period, various schools of ikebana emerged, and each school began to use a specific style of vases according to its own claims. Although there are many eccentric or excessively decorated pieces among them, the most widely used items are, in general, bronzeware, blue and white vases, celadon, boat-shaped vases, bamboo baskets, drum-shaped vases, bucket-shaped vases, and bamboo cylinders.

With the emergence of moribana from the end of the Meiji period to the Taisho period, the use of flat-bowled water basins became widespread, and the further development of free-form flower arrangements led to the creation of various modified flower vases, including the compote style. In today's ikebana, the uniqueness of traditional vases has rather faded, and emphasis is placed on the form in which the flowers and the vases are considered as one. The use of creative vases made from materials such as duralumin, anodized aluminum, concrete, iron, plastic, and bakelite is also popular.

No matter what material or shape is used, the harmony between the flower and the vase is extremely important, and since ancient times, the height of the flower material and the height of the vase have generally been matched, with low flowers being used for tall ones and high ones for low ones. Soft-shaped flowers are used for strong, sharp vases, and strong flowers for soft vases. Furthermore, if the vase is weak, the flower is given more space to expose the vase as much as possible. The relationship with the color of the vase is also important, and although there are cases where the aim is to create an effect by placing white flowers in a white vase or red flowers in a red pot, in most cases, bright flowers are placed in a subdued vase such as an old Bizen pot or a basket to achieve a harmony of strong and weak lights and darks, and if the color of the vase is too strong, the flower material is used to hide part of the vase to weaken the color volume. It is also important to select the quality of the vase, such as choosing metallic copperware for heavy, large-surface flower materials such as loquats and peonies, or using a light vessel such as a basket for autumn grasses to achieve a stylish harmony. For this reason, ceramics are widely used as representative flower vases, as they come in a variety of qualities, colors, and shapes and can be used in a variety of different ways.

[Hojo Akinao]

[Reference] | Flower Ikebana
Double-eared bottle
Longquan Kiln. Southern Song Dynasty (12th-13th century) Height: 17.1 cm . Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art .

Double-eared bottle


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

花をいけるための器物。花を飾る風習は『万葉集』などにも例をみるが、花器に対する記載はない。『枕草子(まくらのそうし)』に、中国からの輸入品であった大型の青磁の瓶にサクラの枝を挿したことがみえている。12世紀の鳥羽僧正(とばそうじょう)の作と伝える『鳥獣人物戯画』には、猿僧正が蛙如来に供花(くげ)している図があり、瓶子(へいじ)が用いられている。14世紀初めに成立した『春日権現霊験記(かすがごんげんれいげんき)』にも、瓶子に挿した花木の図がある。それよりややのちに成立した『慕帰絵詞(ぼきえことば)』にも、瓶子に花木を挿した図があり、左右に燭台(しょくだい)、香炉が置かれている。三具足(みつぐそく)とよばれる形式で、仏前供養の方式が諸事の飾りに適用されたものである。これらの瓶子はいずれも中国輸入の磁器と推定される。15世紀なかばに成立した『君台観左右帳記(くんだいかんそうちょうき)』は、室町時代の将軍足利義政(あしかがよしまさ)の側近による室内装飾の記録として有名なものだが、これには花器が特記され、青磁と胡銅(こどう)に分けられている。ともに中国からの舶来品である。中国では宋(そう)代のころから室内に花を飾る風潮が盛んとなり、殷(いん)、周時代の祭器をモデルとした玉器、青銅器があり、さらに磁器製の花器が、宜窯、均窯、竜泉窯といったところで製作されていた。室町時代の末に七夕法楽(たなばたほうらく)といわれる花会(かかい)が盛んとなるや、日本における中国花器の利用が活発となった。胡銅が全盛で、ついで銀瓶、磁瓶であった。明(みん)の張謙徳の著『瓶花譜』に、春冬は銅器、秋夏は磁器を用いるとし、日本も多くこれに倣ったが、七宝(しっぽう)器、ガラス器も用いられている。

 こうした中国系花器の利用の一方では、公卿雑掌(くぎょうざっしょう)の大沢久守などは、飯筒や馬盥(ばたらい)といった日常器物の転用を図り、唐物(からもの)に対する和物(わもの)の利用を考えていた。こうした系譜がやがて草庵(そうあん)風のわび茶を大成した千利休(せんのりきゅう)らによって、茶室の花の花器に、竹の筒、竹籠(たけかご)、ふくべ、備前(びぜん)や信楽(しがらき)などの素朴な焼物を花器として用いる風潮を高め、やがて生花様式を生むに至って17世紀中ごろから各種の和風花器の展開をみるようになる。いけ花が室内装飾の芸能として定着し、また江戸時代の手工業の発達とともに、諸流派の輩出に伴い各流派はその主張によって特定形式の花器を使用し始めた。なかには奇をてらったもの、装飾過剰のものも少なくないが、おおよそ、青銅器、染付花器、青磁、舟形、竹籠、鼓胴形、ふくべ、つるべ形、竹筒が一般に広く利用されている。

 明治末から大正期にかけて盛り花がおこると、平鉢(ひらばち)形式の水盤の使用が盛んとなり、さらに自由花への発展はコンポート形式をはじめ、各種の変形花器を生み出すようになった。今日のいけ花では、従来の花器の独自性はむしろ希薄となり、花材も花器も一体とみなしての造形性が重んじられている。またジュラルミン、アルマイト、コンクリート、鉄、プラスチック、ベークライトなどによる創作花器の使用もまた盛んである。

 どんな材質、どんな形を用いる場合でも、花と花器との調和はきわめてたいせつで、昔から花材の背丈と花器の高低は、一般には高いものには低いもの、低いものには高いものが用いられ、また強い鋭い花器には柔らかい形の花が、柔らかい花器には強い花が、さらに花器の力が弱ければ花態に空間を多くして、器をできるだけ露出するといった手法が用いられている。花器の色彩との関係も重要で、白い花瓶に白い花、赤い鉢に赤い花といった効果をねらう場合もあるが、多くは、はでな花を古備前や籠などの渋い花器にいけて強弱明暗の調和を求め、また花器の色が強すぎる場合は、花材で器の一部を隠して色量感を弱くする手法がとられる。また、ビワ、ボタンのような重厚で面の大きい花材には、金属性の銅器類を選ぶとか、秋草のような花材に対しては籠のような軽快な器を用いて瀟洒(しょうしゃ)な調和を図るといった花器の資質の選択も重要である。その意味から陶磁器は、その質、色合い、形がさまざまで、多様の使い分けができる代表的花器として広く用いられている。

[北條明直]

[参照項目] | いけ花
双耳瓶
竜泉窯。南宋代(12~13世紀) 高さ17.1cmメトロポリタン美術館所蔵">

双耳瓶


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