Dissociation

Japanese: 解離 - かいり(英語表記)dissociation
Dissociation

When a molecule breaks down into smaller or simpler molecules, atomic groups, ions, or atoms, or when a crystal releases gas molecules or breaks down into ions in solution, such dissociation is called dissociation when there is an equilibrium between the original molecule or crystal and the decomposition products or when the dissociation is reversible. When dissociation occurs into ions, it is called electrodissociation, or ionization for short, and when dissociation occurs due to heat, it is called thermal dissociation.

For example, if hydrogen iodide is kept at a constant concentration, the following dissociation equilibrium exists:

2HIH2 + I2
If a mole of hydrogen iodide reacts and x moles dissociates, the equilibrium constant K is:
K = x2 /4(a-x) 2
where K is called the dissociation constant and x is called the degree of dissociation.

The thermal dissociation of calcium carbonate proceeds as follows:

CaCO3CaO + CO2
At this time, calcium carbonate and calcium oxide are in a solid phase, but the carbon dioxide released is a gas, and the pressure of the gas is a constant value depending on the reaction temperature. This pressure is called the dissociation pressure. The dissociation pressure is low at low temperatures, but reaches 1 atmosphere at 897°C. When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, it ionizes into Na + and Cl- . However, since the crystal itself is also made up of Na + and Cl- , it can be seen as simply a change in state. In such strong electrolytes, ionization is complete, but in weak electrolytes such as acetic acid and ammonia, ionization is not complete and ionization equilibrium is established. The dissociation constant in such cases is called the acid dissociation constant, base dissociation constant, etc.

[Nakahara Katsunori]

"Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry" by Masaru Kimura and Riichi Nakajima (1996, Shokabo) "Analytical Chemistry - Theory and Instrumental Analysis" by Chuzo Kato and Yoshiyuki Sugawara (2000, Shokodo)

[Reference] | Ions | Reversible reactions | Crystals | Atomic groups | Acetic acid | Electrolytes | Ionization | Molecules

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

分子がより小さな、あるいはより簡単な分子や、原子団、イオンまたは原子に分解するとき、あるいは結晶が気体分子を放出したり、溶液になってイオンに分解するときなど、元の分子や結晶と分解生成物との間に平衡関係が成立するか、可逆的であるようなとき、これらの分解を解離という。とくにイオンに解離するときは電気解離、略して電離といい、熱による場合を熱解離などという。

 たとえば、ヨウ化水素を一定濃度に保つと次のような解離平衡が成り立つ。

  2HIH2+I2
このときヨウ化水素aモルが反応してxモルが解離したとすると、このときの平衡定数Kは、
  K=x2/4(a-x)2
であり、このKを解離定数といい、xを解離度といっている。

 炭酸カルシウムの熱解離では次のようになる。

  CaCO3CaO+CO2
このとき、炭酸カルシウムと酸化カルシウムは固相であるが、放出される二酸化炭素は気体であり、気体の圧力は反応温度によって一定の値をとる。この圧力を解離圧という。このときの解離圧は低温では低いが、897℃で1気圧となる。塩化ナトリウムを水に溶かすとNa+とCl-とに電離する。しかし結晶そのものもNa+とCl-とから成り立っているので、状態が変わっただけとみることもできる。このような強電解質では電離は完全であるが、弱電解質たとえば酢酸やアンモニアなどでは電離は完全ではなく、電離平衡が成立する。このようなときの解離定数は、酸解離定数、塩基解離定数などとよばれる。

[中原勝儼]

『木村優・中島理一郎著『分析化学の基礎』(1996・裳華房)』『加藤忠蔵・菅原義之著『分析化学――理論と機器分析』(2000・昭晃堂)』

[参照項目] | イオン | 可逆反応 | 結晶 | 原子団 | 酢酸 | 電解質 | 電離 | 分子

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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