Tribal law

Japanese: tribal law（英語表記）triballaw

…BK Malinowski analyzed law as a social mechanism that makes collective life possible, and argued that its essence is reciprocity and openness, while AR Radcliffe-Brown positioned primitive law within the system of sanctions. After that, British legal anthropology mainly investigated tribal law in African colonies, and researchers such as RS Rattray, EE Evans-Pritchard, and SF Nader appeared. Their research results revealed that the characteristics of primitive law are that a person's status and rights are determined by kinship structure, especially lineage, that land and other property are often used by multiple groups at the same time, that violations are often resolved through negotiations between the parties and their groups or through the intervention of a third party, and that crimes against society as a whole are limited to special cases such as sacrilege and violation of exogamy, but that concepts such as rights, justice, and fair procedures are established. …

From [Uncivilized Law]

…There is no basis for the argument that “primitive law” is essentially different from Western customary law. As a result of this reflection, since the 1960s, the terms “tribal law,” “native law,” or “folk law” have become commonplace instead of “primitive law.” The law of tribal societies is distinctive in terms of its form and application, and certainly differs from the statutory law of Western countries. …

*Some explanations of terms that mention "tribal law" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…すなわち，B.K.マリノフスキーは法を，集団生活を可能にさせる社会的メカニズムとして分析し，その本質は互酬と公然性にあると説き，また，A.R.ラドクリフ･ブラウンは，サンクションの体系の中に未開法を位置づけた。以後，イギリス法人類学はおもにアフリカ植民地の部族法tribal lawを調査し，R.S.ラトレー，E.E.エバンズ･プリチャード，S.F.ナデール，などの研究者があらわれた。彼らの研究成果により，未開法の特徴として，人の地位･権利は親族構造とくにリネージにより規定されていること，土地その他の財産には諸集団の重畳的利用が多いこと，侵害行為は当事者とその所属集団相互間の交渉あるいは第三者の介入で処理されるものが多く社会全体に対する犯罪は神聖冒瀆や外婚制違反など特殊なものに限られていること，しかし権利，正義，公正手続などの観念は成立していること，等々が明らかとなった。…

【未開法】より

…〈未開法〉が西欧慣習法と本質的に異なるという論拠はない。このような反省から，1960年代以降は〈未開法〉の代りに〈部族法tribal law〉とか〈現地住民の法native law〉，あるいは〈民俗法folk law〉という呼び方が一般化してきた。　部族社会tribal societyの法は，形式と運用の面で特色があり，西欧諸国の制定法とたしかに差異がある。…

※「tribal law」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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