Phoneme - Onso

Japanese: 音素 - おんそ
Phoneme - Onso

Although linguistic sounds are diverse and differ from person to person depending on the language, the number of units of sound that can be consciously distinguished is fixed and small. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish the meaning of a word is called a phoneme.

What distinguishes the meaning of tas (add) from hiku (subtract) is the phonetic parts "ta" and "hi". What distinguishes the meaning of tas (tasɯ) from das (dasɯ) is the phonetic parts [t] and [d], but since they cannot be broken down into smaller continuous phonetic parts, /t/ and /d/ are phonemes. Phonemes are represented by lines surrounding them. /t/ and /d/ are both alveolar stops, with /t/ being voiceless and /d/ being voiced. Thus, what ultimately distinguishes the words tas and das is the voiceless and voiced features, which are called distinctive features. The phonemes /k/ and /t/ are derived from the opposition between kasɯ and tasɯ. Both are voiceless stops, and their distinctive feature is that they are articulated on the soft palate (/k/) and on the alveolar (/t/).

Comparing sas [sasɯ] and tas [tasɯ], we find the phoneme /s/. Both are voiceless alveolar sounds, and their distinctive features are based on the difference in the way they are articulated: /s/ is a fricative, while /t/ is a stop. Since the phoneme /t/ is made up of the distinctive features of being "voiceless, alveolar, and stop," a phoneme can also be said to be a bundle of distinctive features. Similarly, the meaning of the English words below [bilóu] ("below") and billow [bílou] ("big wave") changes depending on the position of the stress accent. Similarly, the meaning of the Japanese words hashi ("chopsticks") and hashi ( "bridge") changes depending on the position of the pitch accent. In this way, accents are considered phonemes as long as they distinguish the meaning of words.

[Koizumi Tamotsu]

"The Structure of Language" edited by Takeshi Shibata (Lecture Series on Language, Vol. 1, 1980, Taishukan Shoten)

[Reference] | Accent

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

言語音声は多様で、言語により個人により異なっているが、意識して区別できる音の単位は一定で、その数は少ない。語の意味を区別できる音声の最小単位を音素という。

 タス「足す」とヒク「引く」の意味を区別しているのは、「タ」と「ヒ」の音声部分である。タス[tasɯ]とダス[dasɯ]の意味を区別しているのは、[t]と[d]の音声部分であるが、これ以上小さな連続した音声部分に分解できないから、/t/ と /d/ は音素である。音素は斜線で囲んで、これを表す。/t/ と /d/ はともに歯茎閉鎖音であって、/t/ は無声、/d/ は有声の音声特徴をもつ。そこでタスとダスの語を究極において区別しているのは、無声と有声という特徴であることになり、これらを弁別的特徴という。カス[kasɯ]とタス[tasɯ]の対立から音素 /k/ と /t/ が取り出される。ともに無声閉鎖音であって、弁別的特徴は /k/ の軟口蓋(こうがい)と /t/ の歯茎という、調音する場所の違いによっている。

 サス[sasɯ]とタス[tasɯ]を比べれば、音素 /s/ が求められる。ともに無声歯茎音であって、弁別的特徴は /s/ が摩擦音、/t/ が閉鎖音という調音方法の相違に基づく。そこで、音素 /t/ は「無声・歯茎・閉鎖」という弁別的特徴から成り立つから、音素は弁別的特徴の束であるともいえる。また、英語のbelow[bilóu]「下に」とbillow[bílou]「大波」では、強さアクセントの位置により意味が変わる。また日本語のシ「箸」とハ「橋」では、高さアクセントの位置により意味が違ってくる。このようにアクセントも語の意味を区別する限り音素とみなされる。

[小泉 保]

『柴田武編『言語の構造』(『講座言語 第1巻』1980・大修館書店)』

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