Hotbed - Onsho

Japanese: 温床 - おんしょう
Hotbed - Onsho

A type of seedbed that is artificially heated to keep the temperature higher than the outside temperature. It is used when the temperature required for seedlings cannot be obtained under natural conditions, such as forcing the early maturation of fruit vegetables or for raising rice seedlings in cold regions. A frame is made from boards, straw, bricks, concrete, etc., and covered with oil screens, glass screens, plastic film, etc. to prevent heat from escaping. There are several types depending on the heat source. A fermentation hotbed uses the heat given off when microorganisms decompose organic matter. Manure, straw, spinning waste, etc. are pressed into the bottom of the frame, and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is added to stimulate microbial activity. Water is poured in and the soil is pressed down thoroughly until it is nearly saturated. A bed of soil made from a mixture of compost and soil is placed on top of this, and seedlings are raised here.

In recent years, there has been the development of electric hotbeds, which use heating wires stretched underground to heat the soil. Heating wires are electric wires with a special insulating coating, and are available for both aerial and underground wiring, with a variety of models available depending on power source, voltage, and electrical capacity, so choose one that suits your needs. The standard is usually 50 to 100 watts per square meter of seedbed. While a fermentation hotbed requires highly skilled techniques to maintain sufficient fermentation heat for an extended period of time, an electric hotbed makes it easy to control the temperature by using a thermostat. However, there are problems with this, such as the high equipment costs and the need for a nearby power source.

[Hoshikawa Kiyochika]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

苗床の一種で、人工的に加温して外気温よりも高く保つようにしたもの。果菜の促成・早熟栽培や、寒地でのイネの育苗など、自然の条件では育苗に必要な温度が得られない場合に使われる。板、藁(わら)、れんが、コンクリートなどで枠をつくり、熱の逃げるのを防ぐため、油障子、ガラス障子、プラスチックフィルムなどで覆う。加熱の熱源によりいくつかに分けられる。醸熱温床は、微生物が有機物を分解するときに出す熱を利用する。厩肥(きゅうひ)、藁、紡績屑(くず)などを枠の底に踏み込み、微生物の活動を活発にするために若干の窒素肥料を加える。ほぼ飽和状態になるまで水を打ちながら、十分に踏み込みを行う。その上に堆肥(たいひ)と土を混合した床土をのせ、ここで育苗を行う。

 近年では電熱温床といって土中に発熱線を張って加温するものがある。発熱線は電熱線に特殊な絶縁被覆を施したもので、空中配線用と地中配線用の別があり、また電源、電圧、電気容量によりさまざまの型式があるので、目的にあわせて選択する。普通、苗床1平方メートル当り50~100ワットを目安とする。醸熱温床では十分な発酵熱を長期にわたって維持するためにはかなり名人芸的な踏み込み技術を必要とするが、電熱温床ではサーモスタットを使用することによって温度管理が容易となる。ただし、設備費がかかること、手近に電源が必要であることなどの問題がある。

[星川清親]

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