qaṭī'a (English spelling) qatia

Japanese: qaṭī‘a(英語表記)qatia
qaṭī'a (English spelling) qatia

… The initial principle was that the land and peasants of conquered territories were not to be distributed to Arab warriors. However, from the beginning of the Umayyad dynasty (661-750), caliphs began to grant private land, called qaṭī'a, to their relatives and favorites, and larger private estates (da'i'a) were established one after another by reclamation of wasteland and enclosure of land. Thus, from the 8th to the 9th centuries, large landholdings by soldiers, bureaucrats, and merchants developed significantly, based on qaṭī'a and da'i'a. …

From the Landlord

… [Shinji Shigematsu]
【middle east】
In Islamic law, all land belongs to the community of believers (umma), and in principle, farmers, whether Muslim or non-Muslim, must pay a halaj (land tax) to the state, and private ownership of cultivated land was not permitted. In reality, however, ownership (milk) was permitted for land allotments (qaṭī'a) granted by caliphs or sultans, and private estates (daḍay'a) obtained by developing wasteland, and these lands were managed using slaves and tenant farmers. Based on this tradition of private land ownership, from the 18th and 19th centuries onwards, large landowners and tenant farmers became widespread in the Arab, Iranian and Turkish regions.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "qaṭī'a" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

… ところで,征服地の土地と農民は,アラブ戦士には分配されないのが最初の原則であった。しかしウマイヤ朝(661‐750)の初めごろからカリフは一族や寵臣に対して私有地であるカティーアqaṭī‘aを授与するようになり,また荒蕪地の開墾や土地の囲込みによって,より大規模な私領地(ダイアḍay‘a)も次々と成立した。こうして8世紀から9世紀へかけて,カティーアやダイアを基礎に,軍人や官僚あるいは商人による大土地所有が著しく発達した。…

【地主】より

…【重松 伸司】
【中東】
 イスラム法においては,土地はすべて信徒共同体(ウンマ)のものとされ,農民はムスリム,非ムスリムの別なくハラージュ(地租)を国家に納めることを原則とし,耕地の私有は認められていなかった。しかし現実には,カリフやスルタンから授与される分与地(カティーアqaṭī‘a)や荒蕪地などの開発によって得られる私領地(ダイアḍay‘a)には,所有権(ミルク)が認められ,これらの土地では奴隷や小作人などを用いた経営が行われていた。この私有地所有の伝統を基礎にして18~19世紀以降,アラブ,イラン,トルコの各地域において,広く大土地所有と小作人を用いた経営とが見られるようになる。…

※「qaṭī‘a」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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