rotary quern

Japanese: rotary quern（英語表記）rotaryquern

...In the Greek period, the lever mill appeared, in which the grinding surfaces were engraved and the upper mill had a funnel-shaped cavity (hopper) in which the grain was placed beforehand, and which was moved back and forth with a long handle (or lever). Meanwhile, in the wheat-producing areas of Western Asia, the rotary quern was invented at least around 1000 BCE. This involved stacking cylindrical upper and lower mills, both of which had grooves engraved into their grinding surfaces, and the upper mill was rotated by hand on top of the fixed lower mill. ...

From [Agricultural Tools]

...Harvesting is done with a crescent sickle, and threshing is usually done by treading on the hoofs of several oxen, but sometimes by having two oxen pull a stone roller.Winnowing is done by dropping the grains from above into a winnowing basket, and in the case of grains, polishing is done with a wooden pestle and a stone mortar, and flour is milled with a rotary quern, which combines two disc-shaped stones.In millet farming in northern China, plowing is done with a long-bed frame plow (Chinese plow) pulled by oxen and horses, but since it is a swinging plow for one horse, the draft animal is tied to it with two ropes....

*Some of the terminology that mentions "rotary quern" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…ギリシア時代に入ると，すり合せ面に目を刻み，上臼には穀物をあらかじめ入れておく漏斗状のくぼみ(ホッパー)を設け，これを長い柄(ハンドルまたはレバー)で前後に動かすレバーミルが出現した。他方，西方アジアの小麦地帯では，少なくとも前1000年ころ，ロータリーカーンrotary quernが発明されていた。これは円柱形の上臼と下臼とを重ね合わせ，上下臼とも，すり合せ面に溝を刻み，固定した下臼の上で，上臼を手で回転させる方式である。…

【農具】より

…刈取りは半月鎌で行われ，脱穀は数頭の雄牛に踏ませる牛蹄脱穀が多いが，2頭の雄牛に石製のローラーを引かせて行うこともある。風選は箕で上から落とす方法であり，粒食の場合の精白は木製の竪杵と石の臼で，また製粉は円盤状の二枚石を組み合わせたロータリー･カーンrotary quern(粉ひき臼)でなされる。　華北のミレット農耕では，耕起は長床の枠型犂(中国犂)を牛馬にひかせて行うが，1頭用の揺動犂なので役畜には2本の綱で結ぶ。…

※「rotary quern」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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