Januarius

…For this reason, prayers to the gods began with an invocation to him, and the share of sacrifices was offered to him first. The first month of the calendar was also named after him, and the modern Western names for the month of January, such as the English word January, come from this. He had a small shrine in the Forum of Rome, and the doors on both the east and west ends were to be left open in times of war and closed in times of peace. In 29 BC, Octavian (later Emperor Augustus), who defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium (31 BC), closed the shrine on his triumphal return to Rome, marking the third time the shrine had been closed since the founding of Rome. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Januarius" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…このため神々への祈りは彼への呼びかけから始まり，犠牲の分け前もまず彼に捧げられた。また暦の第1月も彼の名を冠してヤヌアリウスJanuarius月と呼ばれ，ここから英語のJanuaryなど，近代西欧語の1月名が来ている。彼はローマ市のフォルムに小さな社をもち，その東西両端の扉は戦時には開け放たれ，平和時には閉ざされる定めであったが，アクティウムの海戦(前31)でアントニウスとクレオパトラの連合軍を破ったオクタウィアヌス(のちのアウグストゥス帝)が，前29年，ローマに凱旋してこれを閉ざしめたときが，建国以来3回目の閉扉であったという。…

※「Januarius」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報