…In the early 13th century, the German Knights of the Frieden conquered and spread Christianity, and in 1237 they became part of the German Knighthood. In 1562, during the Livonian War, Gotthard Kettler (1517-87), the Grand Master of the Livonian Knights, established the secular Duchy of Courland (with its capital Mitau, now Jelgava) under the Polish king as its feudal lord. Based on the 1617 Code of Courland, which greatly restricted monarchical power, the country became a Polish-style aristocratic republic, in which German landowning aristocrats held absolute power over the peasants (mainly of Latvian descent), imposed corvée duties, and produced grain for export. … *Some of the terminology that mentions "Gotthard Kettler" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…13世紀はじめドイツ人の剣友騎士団の征服と布教をうけ,1237年からドイツ騎士修道会に属した。リボニア戦争中の1562年,リボニアの騎士団長ゴットハルト・ケトラーGotthard Kettler(1517‐87)がポーランド王を封主とする世俗国家クールランド公国(首都ミタウ,現,エルガバ)を建てた。この国は君主権を大幅に制限した1617年の《クールランド法典》に基づき,ポーランド風の貴族共和国になり,ドイツ系の地主貴族が農民(おもにラトビア系)に対して絶対権を握り,賦役を課して輸出用穀物を生産した。… ※「Gotthard Kettler」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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