gilgai

Japanese: gilgai
gilgai

...They have many local names, such as regur in India, black cotton soil, margaritic soil in Indonesia, tropical chernozem in Central Africa, badob soil in Sudan, flyvlei soil in South Africa, tir in North Africa, barros in Portugal, smonitza or smolnitza in the Balkans, black earth in Australia, and grumsol in the United States. They are classified as Vertisols in the Soil Taxonomy of the United States (1975). The common feature of these soils is that they are rich in montmorillonite clay, shrink significantly when dry in the dry season, causing large cracks, and when wet in the rainy season, they swell and the cracks close, and this cycle is repeated every year, so that the soil clods rub against each other to create a unique smooth surface called a mirror surface, and on the surface they create an uneven microtopography called gilgai. Although it is rich in bases, it is difficult to cultivate because it becomes sticky when wet and sticks to agricultural equipment, and it also becomes extremely hard in the dry season, making it a very difficult soil to handle, making it one of the problem soils in tropical regions.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "gilgai" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…インドのレグールregurや黒綿土(こくめんど)black cotton soil,インドネシアのマーガライト土margallitic soil,中央アフリカの熱帯チェルノーゼム,スーダンのバドーブbadob soil,南アフリカのフライvlei soil,北アフリカのティルtir,ポルトガルのバロスbarros,バルカンのスモニッツァsmonitzaまたはスモルニッツァsmolnitza,オーストラリアの黒色土,アメリカのグルムソルgrumsolなど多くの地方名があり,アメリカ合衆国の土壌分類体系《Soil Taxonomy》(1975)ではバーティソル目に含まれている。これらに共通する特徴は,モンモリロナイト質粘土に富み,乾季に乾燥するといちじるしく収縮して大きな亀裂を生じ,雨季に湿ると膨潤して亀裂が閉じることが毎年反復されるので,土塊が摩擦し合って鏡肌とよばれる特有な平滑な面ができ,地表にはギルガイgilgaiとよばれる凹凸のある微地形を生ずることである。塩基類に富んでいるが,湿潤時にはべたついて農機具類に付着するので耕耘しにくく,乾季にはきわめて堅くなるなどきわめて取扱いのやっかいな物理性をもっており,熱帯地域における問題土壌の一つである。…

※「gilgai」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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