An independent administrative agency that regulates and supervises broadcasting, communications, and other businesses in the United States. It is an abbreviation for Federal Communications Commission, and in Japan it is translated as "(US) Federal Communications Commission." It was established in 1934 under the Communications Act as a response to the proliferation of radio stations in the United States in the 1920s, which caused radio interference. Its objectives include "providing prompt communications services at reasonable rates, regulating communications, and improving the safety of life and property through the use of communications." It is the oldest independent administrative agency in the world with authority independent of the government, and has served as a model for independent administrative agencies in many countries. It is headquartered in Washington DC, and is run and managed by five commissioners appointed by the president and approved by the Senate. The term of office is five years. The president appoints the chairman from among the commissioners. The scope of supervision and regulation covers all areas of broadcasting and communications, including television and radio broadcasting, telephone, cable television, satellite communications, and international communications, and it also focuses on Internet connection and net-related policies. It has the power to grant, renew, and confiscate broadcasting and communications licenses, allocate and assign broadcasting frequencies, establish regulations and standards for the broadcasting and communications fields, approve broadcasting and communications equipment, crack down on violations of regulations and broadcasting ethics, mediate disputes between businesses, and impose sanctions such as fines. It is a "half-legislative, half-executive, and half-judicial body," and is sometimes called "The Fourth Branch of Government." In particular, the auction system for new frequency allocations to the private sector and broadcasting licenses is known to bring in huge revenues for the government. For example, in the 2008 auction of mobile phone frequencies, Verizon Wireless won the 700 MHz band, bringing in nearly 1 trillion yen in revenue. Also, in 2014, when Sprint, a subsidiary of SoftBank and the third largest mobile phone company in the United States, attempted to acquire T-Mobile US, the fourth largest in the industry, the acquisition negotiations fell through because the FCC indicated it would not approve mergers and consolidations between major mobile phone companies, citing the risk that they would hinder consumer interests and healthy corporate competition. [Editorial Department, April 17, 2015] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカ合衆国の放送・通信などの事業を規制・監督する独立行政機関。Federal Communications Commissionの略称で、日本では「(アメリカ)連邦通信委員会」などと訳される。1920年代にアメリカでラジオ局が乱立し、電波が混信した反省から、1934年の通信法に基づいて同年設立された。「合理的な料金による迅速な通信サービスの提供、通信の規制、通信の利用による生命・財産の安全向上」などを目的とする。政府から独立した権限をもつ独立行政機関として世界でもっとも古く、多くの国々の独立行政機関のモデルとなっている。本部をワシントンDCに置き、運営・管理は大統領が指名し上院議会が承認する5人の委員によってなされる。任期は5年。委員のなかから大統領が委員長を指名する。 監督・規制範囲は、テレビ・ラジオ放送、電話、ケーブルテレビ、衛星通信、国際通信など放送・通信全般に及び、インターネット接続やネット関連政策にも力を注いでいる。放送・通信事業の免許の付与・更新・没収、放送周波数の分配や割当て、放送・通信分野の規制や規格の策定、放送・通信機器の認可、規制違反や放送倫理規定違反の取締り、業者間の紛争の調停、罰金などの制裁を科す権限をもつ。いわば「半立法、半行政、半司法機関」であり、「政府の第4の部門(The Fourth Branch of Government)」とよばれることもある。とくに民間への新規周波数割当てや放送事業免許に対するオークション制度は、政府に莫大(ばくだい)な歳入をもたらすことで知られている。たとえば2008年の携帯電話用周波数のオークションでは、ベライゾン・ワイヤレスVerizon Wirelessが700メガヘルツ帯を落札して1兆円近い歳入をもたらした。 また、2014年にソフトバンク子会社でアメリカの携帯電話会社3位のスプリントSprintが同業4位のTモバイルUS社を買収しようとした際には、FCCが「消費者の利益や健全な企業競争が阻害される恐れがある」として大手携帯電話会社同士の合併・統合を認めない姿勢を示したため、買収交渉が破談になった。 [編集部 2015年4月17日] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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