It is an event where many plays are performed at a certain place for a certain period of time, and most of them are held periodically. It is a cultural activity that takes advantage of the free and magnificent form of expression of theater and its inherent collective and ritualistic nature, and its scale ranges from national and international to small-scale events organized by schools and workplaces. In ancient Greece, theater performances were also national events held once a year for three days as a theater festival dedicated to the god Dionysus, and medieval religious plays and carnival plays, as well as Japanese performing arts such as Sarugaku, Dengaku, and Ennen, can be said to have been theater festivals dedicated to gods and Buddhas. In modern Europe, religious plays and outdoor plays are often held as annual events, and the locations chosen for these events have mainly been outdoors in the summer, scenic tourist spots, castles, palaces, and cathedrals in old towns. They became especially popular after the Second World War; for example, the Avignon Festival, started in France in 1947 by Jean Villard, is a successful example that continues to this day and serves as a force for promoting the popularization of theater. The Théâtre des Nations, a world theater festival established in 1957 at the suggestion of the International Theatre Institute (ITI), is held in Paris and has played a role not only in international theater exchange, but also in the exploration of theatrical art and in restoring the fundamental energy of theater. A considerable number of theater festivals are held every year in Europe, including the Nancy Theater Festival. In Japan, the theater section of the Arts Festival, organized by the Ministry of Education (now the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) in 1946 (Showa 21), is held every autumn (since 1968 it has been organized by the Agency for Cultural Affairs). In the summer of 1982, the first world theater festival in Japan was held in Togamura, Toyama Prefecture (now Nanto City), sponsored by the International Performing Arts Institute, founded by Suzuki Tadashi, director of the Waseda Little Theater, and ten theater companies from six countries, including the United States, India and the United Kingdom, participated. These theater festivals were not merely ceremonies; they rejected so-called modern theaters and sought new venues for contemporary theater, showing a strong experimental tendency in the pursuit of new acting methods. [Shinkichi Kato] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一定期間、一定の場所にたくさんの演劇を集めて上演する催しで、その多くは周期的に開催される。演劇の自由で華麗な表現形式、それに演劇が本来もっている集団的、祭祀(さいし)的な性格を生かして行われる文化活動で、その規模は、国家的、国際的なものから、学校や職場などが主催する小規模なものまである。古くは、古代ギリシアにおける演劇の上演も、ディオニソス神に捧(ささ)げる年に一度3日間行われる国家的行事の演劇祭であったし、中世の宗教劇や謝肉祭劇、日本における猿楽(さるがく)、田楽(でんがく)、延年(えんねん)などの芸能も神仏への祈願奉納の演劇祭だったといえる。近代ヨーロッパでも、宗教劇や野外劇を中心に年中行事として行われることも多く、おもに夏季の野外、風光明媚(めいび)な観光地、古い町の城や宮殿や大聖堂などが、その場所に選ばれてきた。とくに第二次世界大戦後に盛んになり、たとえばフランスでは1947年にジャン・ビラールが始めたアビニョンの演劇祭は成功した例で、いまなお続き、演劇の民衆化を促進する力となっている。57年に国際演劇協会(ITI)の発議により生まれた世界諸国演劇祭(テアトル・デ・ナシオン)は、パリで開催され、演劇の国際交流のみならず、演劇芸術の探求、さらには演劇のもつ根源的なエネルギーの回復に役だっている。そのほかナンシー演劇祭をはじめ、ヨーロッパの各地では毎年相当数の演劇祭が施行されている。日本では1946年(昭和21)に発足した文部省(現文部科学省)主催の芸術祭演劇部門が、毎年秋に開催されている(68年からは文化庁主催)。なお、1982年夏には、早稲田(わせだ)小劇場主宰者鈴木忠志(ただし)が創立した国際舞台芸術研究所の主催で、日本で初めての世界演劇祭が富山県利賀(とが)村(現、南砺(なんと)市)で開かれ、アメリカ、インド、イギリスなど6か国10劇団が参加した。これらの演劇祭は、単なる祭典にとどまらず、いわゆる近代的な劇場を拒否して、新しい現代の演劇の場を求め、新しい演技法などを追求する実験的な傾向が強く現れている。 [加藤新吉] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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