Gardening - Engei

Japanese: 園芸 - えんげい

A branch of agriculture that produces, improves, and processes cultivated plants such as fruit trees, vegetables, and flowers necessary for daily life in gardens, fields, greenhouses, and frames, and also uses them for decorative purposes. In a broad sense, it also includes landscaping (garden creation, urban development) as a whole.

Chinese agricultural books on gardening include the Divine Farming Classic Annotated Commentary (502-556), the New Revised Compendium of Materia Medica (659), the Nongsang Jiyao (1286), the Qunfangpu (1621), the Agricultural Administration Encyclopedia (1639), and the Secret Flower Mirror (1688). Words that seem to be the origins of gardening can be found in the Qunfangpu ("irrigate the garden" and "artificial vegetables") and the Secret Flower Mirror ("plow the garden" and "artificial fields"). However, it is believed that the word gardening was first used as an idiom in the English-Chinese Dictionary (1866). This was translated into Japanese in 1884 (Meiji 17). Well-known old Japanese gardening books include "Kadan Komoku" (1665) and "Kadan Chikinsho" (1695), which show that gardening was popular from the early Edo period. The word "jugei" (tree art) was in use at that time. "En" means land surrounded by a fence, and "gei" means cultivation or tilling. In English it is called "horticulture," with "en" coming from the Latin word hortus and "gei" coming from cultra. In the garden sense it is "gardening," but this word also comes from the word gird, which means to surround.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Classification

Horticulture can be said to be a branch of agriculture that studies the theory and techniques of gardening. The general classification of horticulture is as follows:

[Yukio Kawakami]

Fruit Gardening

The main focus is on cultivating and improving the varieties of woody plants, with the aim of producing and utilizing fruit.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Vegetable gardening

Vegetables are broadly divided into leafy vegetables for their leaves, root vegetables for their roots, and fruit vegetables for their fruits. These are primarily useful herbaceous plants that we cultivate, breed, and utilize.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Floriculture

The cultivation, breeding and utilization of ornamental flowers and trees. In a broad sense, this also includes bonsai and flower decoration.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Processing Horticulture

It is a division of the agricultural manufacturing industry and a branch of agricultural chemistry, primarily involved in the processing of horticultural products such as jams, marmalades, and ketchup.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Landscaping

Although there are aspects that cannot be fully understood within the field of horticulture alone, in the narrow sense it can be considered a branch of horticulture. It is what we call gardening, and its purpose is to create a garden, but in recent years it has come to be called landscape architecture, which literally means "building a landscape." It is deeply related to other scientific fields such as architecture and civil engineering, and plays an important role in urban development and environmental creation.

The above is an academic classification. Next, let's look at the cultivation method.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Production Horticulture

Also known as commercial cultivation, horticulture is a type of cultivation in which professional gardeners select superior varieties with high quality, high yields, and disease resistance for the purpose of efficient production. They supply consumers with food products such as fruits, vegetables, and fruit trees, as well as decorative and practical products such as flowers, flowering trees, ornamental trees, foliage plants, and ground cover plants through the market.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Hobby Gardening

This is home gardening, where distinctive varieties are collected and cultivated in a wide range of ways through fruit trees, vegetables, flowers and landscaping, with the main purpose being ornamental. It can be said that hobby gardening was a major driving force behind the development of horticulture. It is no exaggeration to say that the hobby gardening of samurai and townspeople in the Edo period in particular created the unique flowers that are characteristic of Japan today. These include morning glories, selaginella, plum trees, Japanese maples, maples, canary wreaths, chrysanthemums, azaleas, Japanese red laurels, azaleas, camellias, oriental orchids, dianthus, nandinas, Japanese primroses, Japanese irises, perillas, amplexicaules, wisterias, Japanese quince, tree peonies and snowdrops.

Furthermore, the following can be considered in terms of the use of facilities, etc.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Greenhouse horticulture

Mainly tropical and subtropical fruit trees, vegetables, and flowers are grown in greenhouses (glass, "phylon", vinyl) including heated rooms. They are grown in the ground, on beds, in pots, etc.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Potted plant gardening

This is the field of cultivating and utilizing fruit trees, vegetables, flowers, landscaping trees, ground cover plants, etc. in pots or pot-like containers. They are cultivated in a wide range of areas, from commercial fields such as greenhouses, warm rooms, and fields to hobby gardening. There has been rapid development in the advancement and improvement of cultivation pots and decorative pots, as well as improvements in soil, and in hydroponic and gravel culture materials.

[Yukio Kawakami]

bonsai

It is a special field different from potted gardening, in which plants are cultivated in the same pot for many years to produce a unique aesthetic effect. It has developed significantly in Japan and China, but in recent years, the growing interest in cultivating it has been noticeable in Europe and the United States.

[Yukio Kawakami]

Tissue culture

Today, with the advancement and development of genetic engineering, the field of tissue culture is actively expanding beyond professional commercial and production areas into hobby and general gardening.

[Yukio Kawakami]

"Color Illustrated Garden Plants: Outdoor Edition" by Eiichi Asayama (1980, Heibonsha)" ▽ "Color Illustrated Garden Plants: Greenhouse Edition" by Eiichi Asayama (1980, Heibonsha)" ▽ "Flower Gardening Handbook" by Hisao Tsurushima (1983, Youkendo)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

農業の一部門で、園や畑または温室、フレームなどで、生活に必要な果樹、蔬菜(そさい)、花卉(かき)など栽培植物を生産、改良、加工し、さらには装飾の用などにも供するものである。広義にはこれらを総合したものとしての造園（庭づくり、都市づくり）が含まれる。

　園芸に関する中国の農書としては『神農本草経集注(しんのうほんぞうきょうしっちゅう)』（502～556）、『新修本草』（659）、『農桑輯要(のうそうしゅうよう)』（1286）、『群芳譜(ぐんほうふ)』（1621）、『農政全書』（1639）、『秘伝花鏡(かきょう)』（1688）などがあり、園芸の源流と思われる字句がみられるのは『群芳譜』（灌園(かんえん)、芸蔬）や『秘伝花鏡』（鋤園(じょえん)、芸圃(げいほ)）である。しかし、成語として園芸という語が使われたのは『英華辞典』（1866）が最初と思われる。これは1884年（明治17）に邦訳されている。日本の古い園芸書として著名なのは『花壇綱目』（1665）、『花壇地錦抄(ちきんしょう)』（1695）などであり、江戸時代初期から園芸が盛んであったことがうかがわれる。そのころには樹芸ということばが使われていた。園は垣で囲まれた土地を、芸は栽培・耕うんを意味する。英語ではhorticultureといい、園はラテン語のホルトスhortusが、芸はクルトラcultraが語源である。庭園的な意味ではガーデニングgardeningであるが、これも語源としては囲む意味のギルドgirdから出ている。

［川上幸男］

分類

園芸学は園芸の理論と技術を学ぶ農学の一分科ということができる。園芸学の一般的分類は次のようになる。

［川上幸男］

果樹園芸

果実の生産、利用を目的とし、主として対象となる木本植物の栽培、品種改良を行う。

［川上幸男］

蔬菜園芸

いわゆる野菜であるが、大別して葉を目的とする葉菜、根を目的とする根菜、果実を目的とする果菜に分けられる。これらの主として有用草本植物の栽培、品種改良、利用を行う。

［川上幸男］

花卉園芸

観賞用の草花および花木の栽培、品種改良、利用を行う。広い意味では盆栽、花卉装飾をも包含する。

［川上幸男］

加工園芸

農産製造工業の一部門であり、農芸化学の一分野でもある。ジャム、マーマレード、ケチャップなど園芸生産品の加工を行うのが主目的である。

［川上幸男］

造園

園芸の分野だけでは掌握しきれない面があるが、狭義には園芸の一分野といえる。いわゆるガーデニングのことで、園をつくることが目的であるが、近来はランドスケープ・アーキテクチュアlandscape architectureといわれていて、直訳すれば「風景を建築する」ということになり、建築、土木などのほかの科学分野とのかかわりが深く、都市づくり、環境づくりなどの重要な役割をもっている。

　以上は学問的分類である。次に栽培形態からみてみよう。

［川上幸男］

生産園芸

営利栽培ともいう。園芸を職業としている人たちが、高度の品質、多収穫、耐病性の優秀品種を選んで能率生産を目的とするもの。消費者に果実、蔬菜、果樹などの食品、花卉、花木、観賞用樹木、観葉植物、地被植物などの装飾品や実用品を、市場を通じて供給する。

［川上幸男］

趣味園芸

家庭園芸がこれで、果樹、蔬菜、花卉や造園を通じて特色ある品種を多角的に集めて栽培し、観賞をおもな目的とする。園芸の発達はこの趣味園芸が大きく力になっていたといえる。とくに江戸時代における武士や町人の趣味園芸が今日のわが国特有の花卉をつくったといっても過言ではない。それらはアサガオ、イワヒバ、ウメ、オモト、カエデ（モミジ）、カンアオイ、キク、サツキ、セキショウ、ツツジ、ツバキ、東洋ラン、ナデシコ、ナンテン、ニホンサクラソウ、ハナショウブ、ハラン、フクジュソウ、フジ、ボケ、ボタン、ユキワリソウなどである。

　さらに施設などを使う意味合いでの見方として次のようなものがある。

［川上幸男］